Tomatoes are a highly prized crop all over the U.S, but consumers are seeking more flavorful and high-quality produce. Tomatoes are also popular with growers and consumers in colder regions as well. Short and cold growing seasons provide a significant challenge to tomato production while most breeding and research on tomatoes has been done in warmer climates. In an effort to provide research relevant to growers and breeders in colder regions, this project conducts a germplasm screening of over 80 heart-shaped, indeterminate tomato varieties, many of which were bred in colder regions, in order to provide information on specialty, open-pollinated tomatoes that may be better suited for a shorter season. These tomatoes are characterized by their large size, heart-shape, fleshiness, and fewer seeds. Varieties were obtained from a number of seed catalogs as well as from the USDA Germplasm Repository. In the first year of the project, the varieties were screened for yield, earliness and fruit size measurements as well as dry matter, Brix, pH, and titratable acidity. Genotypes were planted in an augmented design and managed organically in an unheated high tunnel. Based on this year of data, some of the high yielding varieties with the mentioned satisfactory quality traits included ‘German Red Strawberry’, ‘Cuore di Toro’, ‘Russian 117’, ‘Upstate Oxheart’, and a GRIN variety ‘G32329’. None of the varieties exceeded acceptable levels of acidity, but there was much variability in both yield and Brix within the experiment. We also found that a number of varieties categorized as “heart-shaped” were not morphologically heart-shaped. This experiment will be conducted over another growing season in order to collect further data and insights on this project.
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) production has grown significantly in recent decades, increasing demand for specialty crops. Despite improvements in management practices and breeding, maintaining soil health and minimizing environmental impact remain a challenge for agricultural systems. Biochar production and application have been proposed as one effective strategy to mitigate climate change, improve soil health, and promote plant growth. This study, done at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (Princess Anne, MD), investigated the effect of biochar on the growth and root associated microbial communities of two selected day-neutral strawberries, Monterey and Seascape, under greenhouse conditions. A pot experiment was conducted with three treatments: No biochar (control), 5% biochar, and 10% biochar. Growth parameters including plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, runner production, and chlorophyll content were measured at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting. The 5% biochar treatment enhanced leaf development, runner production, and yield in Monterey, whereas biochar at 10% improved chlorophyll content in both cultivars. The microbial analysis revealed higher Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) with 10% biochar. Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant microbial taxa across all treatments at the phylum level, with no significant differences between biochar treated groups and control. Alpha diversity metrics showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between treatments, whereas the beta diversity showed a slight shift in microbial community composition in the biochar amendments. A more diverse microbial community was observed in the control group, nevertheless, the biochar amendment demonstrated a more stable and functionally enriched microbiome. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on biochar’s role in optimizing crop production and supporting sustainable farming practices.
As our understanding of the microbiome’s importance to agriculture improves, questions surrounding effective microorganism inoculants as crop treatments continue to arise. These products purportedly increase nutrient bioavailability and enhance plant growth. However, these vary in contents by producer and can be costly, especially given the inconsistent results on their efficacy. Local effective microorganisms (LEM) are alternative formulations produced with local forest litter and carbon sources that can be produced at scale on-site by farmers using local ingredients. LEM application has previously been shown to alter the dynamics of nitrogen availability and soil microbial populations when added to soil amendments, and may influence crop quality and microbial community resilience. However, long-term research on its relevance to organic vegetable rotations is still in its early stages. This project sought to determine the impacts of LEM application on the yield and quality of organic vegetable crops, and to compare soil nitrogen dynamics of these systems to a controlled laboratory incubation. In the field component, a vegetable rotation consisting of kale, carrot, or crimson clover (spring) and green beans (fall) was grown at three different organic farms in the Georgia Piedmont region for two years, and received either a control, low, or high LEM application rate twice per year. Soil samples were taken periodically for inorganic nitrogen, and at harvest total and marketable yields were taken. Subsamples of each harvested plot were juiced and analyzed for sugar content via %Brix. The laboratory incubation was performed on samples obtained from each plot from the field study, which were incubated for 120 days at a standard water content. Each microcosm received either no treatment or an LEM treatment analogous to its respective field plot at time zero. Sulfuric acid traps were used to measure ammonia volatilization, and samples were periodically taken from each microcosm to be analyzed for inorganic nitrogen and pH. At Day 28 of incubation, the average total inorganic nitrogen across treatments was 5.68 ppm. At the end of incubation, the average pH across all treatments was 5.97. The average %Brix for the beans across all locations was 3.5; plants that received high LEM showed higher Brix in plots where crimson clover was the winter crop in two of the three locations, and in plots where kale was the winter crop in one of the locations. These results indicate that LEM may influence produce quality metrics in some common vegetable crops.
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) is classified as a noxious weed by the USDA. However, it remains a popular vegetable in Southeast Asia. Water spinach thrives in warm, moist conditions. Demand for water spinach is increasing in the state of Georgia. The present study assesses the effects of planting date and organic fertilization rate on water spinach yield. The study was conducted in an organically certified high tunnel at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus. Organic fertilizer was applied and incorporated into the soil before planting. Water spinach seedlings were grown in a greenhouse. Within the high tunnel, plants were cultivated on drip-irrigated raised beds (1.8 m apart center to center), covered with white-on-black film mulch. Plants were grown in two rows per bed, with 45 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants. The experimental design was a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots consisted of three planting dates—T1 (16 May), T2 (9 July), and T3 (3 Oct.)—while the subplots included four fertilization rates: 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg/ha of nitrogen (N) applied as organic fertilizer. Plants (shoots) were harvested by cutting 5 cm above the soil surface: four times for T1, three times for T2, and once for T3, with the final harvest conducted on 22 Nov. Shoot fresh weights (FW) were recorded. Results showed that cumulative shoot FW was highest at the earliest planting date (T1; 2.77 kg/m²), followed by T2 (2.36 kg/m²), and lowest at the latest planting date (T3; 0.062 kg/m²). The reduced cumulative shoot fresh weight observed in the latest planting suggests that cooler fall conditions significantly limited plant growth. Regarding the fertilizer rate, the cumulative shoot FW was highest at the 224 kg/ha N fertilization rate (2.03 kg/m²) and lowest at 0 kg/ha N (1.41 kg/m²). However, the relatively high shoot growth at 0 kg/ha N is notable and may indicate the presence of confounding factors. Plants exhibited vigorous shoot and root development, including the formation of adventitious shoots, which likely allowed them to explore soil beyond the experimental plot boundaries (the separation between plots was 30 cm). Visually, plants appeared to grow more actively when provided with ample soil moisture and organic fertilizer. In conclusion, the optimal planting window for water spinach in South Georgia appears to be from April to July. The effect of fertilizer rate on water spinach growth could not be conclusively determined from this study.
Sustainable agricultural practices are essential to mitigating the impact of climate-induced stresses on crop production. Enhancing photosynthetic efficiency is a key strategy to boost yield, productivity, and resilience to stress, especially in organic farming. This study aimed to identify natural variation in leaf photosynthesis and uncover key genetic regulators of physiological and molecular responses in USDA spinach (Spinacia oleracea) germplasm under organic cultivation. 314 USDA organic spinach accessions and commercial checks were planted in an augmented design within an organic field in Uvalde, Texas. Gas exchange traits—including CO2 assimilation rate (A), carboxylation efficiency (CE), CO2 concentration in leaf air spaces (Ci), transpiration (E), CO2 efflux, stomatal conductance (gsw), and water use efficiency (WUEi)—as well as chlorophyll fluorescence metrics such as the efficiency of energy harvesting by oxidized (open) PSII reaction centers (Fv’/Fm’), quantum yield of PSII, electron transport rate, non-photochemical quenching, and photochemical quenching were measured using the LI-6800 portable photosynthesis system. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on photosynthesis traits in 299 spinach accessions using 50,873 SNPs. Several SNP markers associated with different traits and candidate genes were identified. Our findings emphasize the value of combining high-throughput photosynthesis measurements with GWAS to reveal the genetic basis of photosynthetic variation in crop species.
Obtaining sufficient nutrients and fighting foliar diseases caused by pathogens such as Alternaria and Cercospora remain an on-going problem for many carrot (Daucus carota) growers. Spraying leaves with mixtures containing soluble nutrient sources and beneficial microbes have potential to help address these issues, but the benefits may depend on the responsiveness of individual carrot genotypes. To test this hypothesis, a field trial was conducted on an organic farm in northern Indiana using three diverse carrot genotypes (Napoli, Nb3999, and Bolero). Each genotype was sprayed with a mixture of four commercial products commonly used by many organic farmers in the area, or left untreated as a control. Soil samples were collected midseason and changes in soil chemical and biological properties were quantified using standard practices. The incidence and severity of foliar diseases was also evaluated visually during the growing season and leaf samples were collected for quantification of leaf microbiomes. At harvest, total shoot and root biomass was determined and carrot taproot samples were collected for analysis of nutritional quality and endophytic microbiomes. Preliminary results indicated that foliar diseases were not particularly problematic during the 2024 growing on this farm. The carrot genotypes varied significantly with respect to above and belowground biomass, however, the treatments did not have any effect on these parameters. There were also no differences in the impact of the foliar sprays on soil parameters, which was expected. We suspect that the lack of any effect of the foliar sprays on carrot biomass was due to the absence of disease pressure at this site, where changes induced in leaf and root microbiomes could have helped mitigate any disease pressure.
Vegetable transplant production is a critical phase that enhances the efficiency, sustainability, and profitability of vegetable cropping systems. In the U.S. Midwest, many organic vegetable growers produce their own transplants due to the limited commercial availability of certified organic transplants. A major constraint in this process is managing nutrient availability, which can compromise transplant quality. While a variety of organic amendments exist, there is limited empirical data on their comparative effectiveness and application strategies in transplant production. This two-year greenhouse study evaluated the effects of selected organic amendments on the growth, root system architecture, and nutritional composition of pepper (Capsicum annuum) transplants grown in 25-cell trays. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included three dry organic fertilizers bone meal (3-15-0), blood meal (12-0-0), and feather meal (12-0-0) mixed at recommended label rates with growing media at the time of seeding. Additionally, treatments included a liquid fish emulsion (5-1-1 AquaPower™), compost amendment, conventional synthetic (15-5-15 Peters Excel®), and a no-fertilizer control. Data was collected on plant height, stem diameter, plant biomass, tissue nutrient content, and chlorophyll content of leaves. Root and shoot biomass were also collected followed by analysis of root architecture using WinRhizoTM software. Synthetic fertilizer treatment resulted in the highest plant biomass and height, followed closely by blood meal, with no statistically significant difference between the two in either year. Root surface area and volume were greatest in plants treated with feather meal, followed by those receiving blood meal. Weekly EC and pH data collected on the growth medium leachate samples showed that there was a strong negative correlation between them that is when EC was high, pH was low across the treatments, with compost treatment having the highest EC and pH overall. These findings underscore the influence of organic fertilizer source on pepper transplant growth and nutrient status, contributing to improved organic transplant production practices and enhanced transplant quality for vegetable growers.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growers report that foliar diseases are their biggest production challenge. The tomato organic management and improvement (TOMI) project was launched in 2014 with support from the NIFA-OREI program to address this challenge. We have applied a transdisciplinary approach, integrating studies aimed at 1) increasing biocontrol efficacy, 2) understanding mechanisms controlling induced systemic resistance (ISR), and 3) developing new varieties using a participatory breeding approach. In our biocontrol studies, we learned that combining products with different modes of action was not effective, however, if applied early and often, some biocontrol agents can reduce disease across diverse locations and years. Potting media and composts containing residues with high carbon to nitrogen ratios can increase survival and efficacy of a soil-applied biocontrol agent. In our ISR studies, we learned that not all tomato genotypes are responsive to this form of disease control. The most responsive are wild relatives (Solanum pimpinellifolium), which release distinct compounds from their roots to signal and support soil microbes with biocontrol capabilities. ISR responsiveness is associated with upregulation of brassinosteroid and phenylpropanoid pathways, and grafting appears to promote ISR activity. Identifying genetic markers will improve selection for this trait. Finally in our breeding program, we learned that engaging growers in the selection process aids in the development of new varieties with the most desirable set of traits. We made significant gains in advancing populations and some advanced lines are being considered for release by seed companies, though resistance in many populations is not effective in all ecoregions. Regionally-focused breeding programs are likely to be more effective in developing varieties best adapted to local environmental conditions and disease complexes. We are continuing to work closely with growers to advance these efforts. More information about our project and resources for growers can be found on our website: https://eorganic.info/tomi.
Effect of Microalgae Application on Yield and Nutrient Composition of Arugula Sam Pratt1*, Shivani Kathi1, Steve Phillips2, and Justin Moss1 1Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078 2Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078 *Presenting author- Samatha.pratt@okstate.edu Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) has been used as a biofertilizer in horticultural crop production in controlled environment production systems. However, research gaps exist in the application of chlorella biofertilizer in field-based production systems. The goal of this research is to assess the impact of microalgae biofertilizers on crop productivity and nutritional quality of arugula grown in open-field using certified naturally grown production practices. To understand the impact of microalgae biofertilizer on soil nutrient and organic matter content, soil testing was done before and after treatment. Treatments included 50% and 100% nitrogen fertilizer and chlorella applied through foliar, soil and foliar soil application. Chlorella application began a week after transplanting. Data was collected on number of leaves per throughout the study and fresh and dry weight at harvest. Plant samples were analyzed for nutrient composition of leafy greens (chlorophyll, carotenoids, and mineral nutrients composition). Results show that soil applied chlorella was more effective application method regarding the overall impact on yield. Continued research on the addition of Chlorella in crop production can offer additional nitrogen sources for low chemical input and organic based production systems.
Organic vegetable farmers use a wide variety of nitrogen (N) fertilizers from commercial products (made from animal and seed meals) to manures and composts. These organic N sources must undergo mineralization and nitrification to become plant available inorganic N (microbial processes). How much and when nitrogen becomes available can be highly variable dependent on product characteristics and local weather conditions, and this subsequent N availability can greatly impact yield. The objective of this study was to determine nitrogen mineralization, head timing, and overall yield from seven different organic fertilizer treatments on fall broccoli (Brassica oleracea ‘Castle Dome’). Studies were conducted over two years at the UGA Durham Horticulture Farm on certified organic land and organic fertilizers (with the exception of the control) were applied to provide a rate of 134 kg N ha-1. Fertilizers ranged from processed animal meals to composts and fresh poultry litter. Nitrogen mineralization was measured using in-situ soil cores and ranged from 0 (immobilization) to 100% of the N applied. Significant N was observed from the soil only treatment which provided on average 100 kg N ha-1 over the growing season. In both years, overall higher yields were observed with blood meal and lowest yields were observed with compost/control treatments. Fertilizer type impacted the timing of heading and overall harvest windows.
Nutrient and weed management are two of the biggest challenges in organic vegetable production systems. Anerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is an effective method to manage the weeds and soil borne pathogens in organic production systems. In ASD, a carbon source is added to soil followed by watering to saturation and covering with plastic mulch to create anerobic soil conditions. Rendered animal and treated manure products have significant content of plant nutrients and carbon and can serve both as organic fertilizer and carbon source for ASD. A field experiment was conducted using three different carbon sources meat and bone meal (MBM; rendering product), MBM Sulfur and treated manure solids with objective to evaluate the effect of different carbon sources and their application rates on nutrient management and ASD in organic watermelon under traditional and novel charter next generation plastic mulch. We will be evaluating the treatment effect on soil cumulative anaerobicity, percent weed coverage, yellow nutsedge rhizome viability, plant vigor ratings, shoot and root biomass, periodic nutrient leaching, soil nitrogen and phosphorus content, plant tissue nutrient content (root and shoot), soil pH, soil C, N and P mineralization enzymes and soil microbial biomass. In results, MBM with sulfur at 150% recorded the highest cumulative anaerobicity and low weed coverage suggesting that it could be an excellent tool for soil nutrient management and weed control in organic production system.
I am a Ph.D. student working on anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) technique, its application for nutrient and weed management in horticultural crops (watermelon).
This study presents the evaluation of ten organic cover crops on soil fertility and macronutrient accumulation within their biomass. Field trials were conducted at the organic farm of Tennessee State University using a randomized complete block design with four replications under National Organic Program (NOP) management practices. The cover crops assessed includes barley, crimson clover, daikon radish, field peas, hairy vetch, mammoth red clover, medium red clover, tillage radish, white clover, and winter rye. Each plot measured 16 ft x 7 ft within a whole plot size of 190 ft x 63 ft. Cover crops were sown using a seed drill, adhering to USDA and SARE recommended seed rates. Soil Samples were collected at a foot depth both before and after cover crops termination to analyze the variations in soil properties such as pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, boron, sodium, and organic matter. Aboveground biomass was clipped from 1ft2 quadrants across all replications, dried at 60oC for 72 hours. Samples were grinded to a fine powder using a 1100-watt Ninja blender and analyzed for nitrogen and carbon content using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Results indicated that most of the cover crops increased soil organic matter, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, and iron. In contrast, declines were observed in soil pH, potassium, manganese, calcium, boron, zinc. Significant differences were observed in the nitrogen and carbon accumulation among cover crops. Hairy vetch showed the highest nitrogen (4.24%) and carbon (46.62%) content, while barley and daikon radish had the lowest nitrogen (1.55%) and carbon (40.66%) content, respectively. The carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio ranged from 11:1 to 30.1:1, with legumes generally exhibiting lower ratios (11:1 to 15.3:1) demonstrating higher decomposition and quicker nutrient release. In contrast non-legumes had the higher ratios (25.4:1 to 30.1:1), suggesting slower nutrient release. These findings highlight the short-term impacts of different organic cover crops on soil fertility and nutrient cycling. The variation in macronutrient accumulation and C:N ratios provides practical insights for the growers in selecting appropriate cover crops to enhance soil health and support sustainable agricultural systems.
The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has driven the adoption of organic farming and increased demand for organic transplants. However, transplant growth is often lower in organic fertilizers compared to conventional fertilizers. This is most likely caused by low nutrient availability in organic fertilizers. On the other hand, increasing organic application rates has the potential to induce salinity stress/toxicity. We hypothesize that biostimulants can complement organic fertilizers in crop production by enhancing nutrient uptake and increasing crop tolerance to abiotic stress and thus close the yield gap between organic and conventional fertilizers. In this study, we tested three biostimulants: humic acid and molasses (MicroLife Soil and Plant Energy) and two microbial based biostimulants with different beneficial microorganism populations (MicroGrow CM and MicroGrow Supreme). Four organic fertilizers were tested with biostimulants, two of which were animal-based fertilizers: Sustane (4-6-4, turkey manure) and Drammatic (2-4-1, derived from fish scrap) and two of which were plant-based fertilizers: Nature Safe (7-7-7, corn steep liquor) and Pre-Empt (fermented sugarcane molasses). After applying to peat-based substrate, we analyzed the leachate nutrient availability weekly. Both fertilizer and biostimulant affected available nutrient concentrations in substrate. Additionally, transplant performance was evaluated to determine the effect of biostimulant and organic fertilizer combination on transplant growth, mineral nutrition, and physiological responses. Transplant growth varied across the different combinations of biostimulants and organic fertilizers tested, suggesting potential interactions between these factors. Some biostimulant treatments, particularly in combination with specific organic fertilizers, showed a trend towards improved early growth compared to the organic fertilizers alone. These results showed synergistical effects between biostimulants and organic fertilizers, indicating the positive role of biostimulants in organic transplant production.
Increased concerns over the last several decades on environmental quality have stimulated farmers to accept organic farming as an alternative to inorganic agriculture. Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia var. Summit) is native to the southeastern United States and has been cultivated for over 400 years. Muscadine and its products are highly nutritious and a good source of antioxidants and dietary fiber that have positive effects on health. Muscadine was grown on Memphis Silt Loam soil (Typic Hapludalph, silty, mixed, thermic). Three treatments of organic manures (cow-C; poultry-P; cow poultry-CP) with gypsum and pine mulch were applied in a CRD. Control received inorganic fertilizers and traditional cultural practices. Dolomitic lime was applied every 2 to 3 years to balance the soil pH of the soil and the pine needle was continuously applied as a thick mulch to bring down the soil pH to neutral and also to prevent moisture evaporation from basins where fresh animal waste was applied. This thick layer of pine needle mulch helped avoid irrigation even during the hottest summer. While strictly following the protocol, soil samples were collected and analyzed at Cornell Soil Health Lab, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, after 17 years of continuous organic research with the same treatments. The experimental design for data analysis was a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. Leaf area index (LAI), percent canopy cover, stem diameter, and yield were higher in organic plants. There was no significant difference in diameter, length, and degree brix of the fruit. Soil compaction was always higher in control with lower soil moisture content and the compaction was lower in organic treatments due to higher level of organic matter content. Concentrations of nitrate-N and P were higher in the surface soil treated with organic manures, but there was no trend in N or P enrichment in the lower layers of the soil. A comprehensive assessment of soil health done by Cornell Soil Health Lab showed the following: physical aggregate stability 19.0 25, biological organic matter 4.0 85, biological ACE soil protein index 6.8 43, biological soil respiration 0.8 75, biological active carbon 747 90 and chemical soil pH 7.1 100 with an overall quality score of 72 (Excellent). The results suggest that the controlled application of animal and forest wastes in basins of fruit trees can be an agronomically and environmentally sound practice to increase yield and keep the soil and humans healthy.
Professor of Plant and Soil Sciences & Director of Conservation Research, Alcorn State University
Dr. Girish Kumar Panicker, Professor of Plant and Soil Sciences and Director of Conservation Research, at Alcorn State University, Mississippi, is an authority on cover and management (C-factor) research on horticultural crops and is an internationally renowned agricultural scientist... Read More →
Soil-borne bacterial pathogens pose a significant threat to organic onion production as there is a lack of effective pathogen control practices for both conventional and organic systems. Burkholderia cepacia (causal agent of sour skin) and B. gladioli pv. alliicola (causal agent of slippery skin) are prevalent throughout the onion growing regions of the U.S., including Georgia. Organic growers rely on cultural practices to combat soil-borne diseases, pests, and weeds. Plants in the Brassica family contain glucosinolates which undergo hydrolysis and produce isothiocyanate volatiles serving as a biofumigant. Biofumigation has shown to be successful at reducing diseases, but efficacy is dependent on pathogen, environmental conditions, cover crop biomass, and soil conditions. The objective of this study aims to determine biofumigation effect on soil-borne bacterial pathogens associated with Burkholderia spp. This study was conducted on organic certified land using B. juncea ‘Pacific Gold’ for mustards and A. cepa ‘Sweet Tule’ for short-day onion crop. Mustards were grown and terminated at flower initiation with biofumigation treatments including mustard incorporated into soil, mustard incorporated into soil and covered with polyethylene mulch, and a no mustard control. To evaluate effectiveness of biofumigation, measurements on weed seed germination and biomass, disease incidence/severity in bulbs, and onion yield were measured. Weed seed germination was evaluated before and after the incorporation of the mustards. Weed biomass was measured at multiple time points throughout the onion growing season. At harvest, onions were graded according to the USDA standards (Colossal, Jumbo, Medium, and Cull). Bulbs were evaluated for the presence of both diseases at harvest. Post-harvest evaluation of bulbs was also conducted. A 50 bulb sub-sample/plot/treatment was placed in storage (-2 °C, 70% RH) for a period of 90 days. After storage, bulbs were sliced, and disease incidence/severity was recorded. At mustard termination, dry biomass among all treatments averaged 4,540.5 lbs/acre. Eleven weeks after mustard incorporation, treatments with plastic mulch following mustard incorporation had significantly less weeds than the control treatments.
Organic produce sales have increased over time as many consumers are willing to pay a higher price for organically-grown produce compared to conventionally-grown. Previous research has shown that liquid organic fertilizers outperform substrate-incorporated organic fertilizers in containerized production with soilless substrates. Therefore, developing new production protocols with water soluble organic fertilizers may increase yield and provide easier nutrient management. The objective of the current study was to identify water-soluble organic fertilizer combinations for growth and development of cucumber, Cucumis sativus ‘Picolino F1’, grown in a 40:60 wood fiber : coir substrate for ten weeks. Five fertilizer treatments were: molasses-based Pre-Empt (PE) at either 120 or 170 mg.L-1 nitrogen (N) in combination with 100 mg.L-1 calcium (Ca) from either calcium chloride (CaCl2) or FoxFarm’s Cal-Mag. A synthetic fertilizer treatment (Hydro-Gro Vine; N: 4.40% - P: 13.00% - K: 34.00% and calcium nitrate) was included as a control. The Cal-Mag 170 mg.L-1 N treatment had a similar yield to the control. However, there was no significant difference between all organic treatments for growth parameters measured. Additionally, leaf tissue analyses revealed boron increased by 22% to 37% and manganese by 37% above the sufficiency range for most of the organic fertilizer treatments. Meanwhile, N and potassium (K) concentration dropped below the required range by 45% and 49%, respectively, in all organic treatments. Future experiments will identify sources of supplemental N and K with the goal of supplying sufficient levels of all macro and micronutrients using water soluble organic fertilizers.
Organic materials such as meat and bone meal (MBM; rendering product) and treated manure products can be excellent fertilizers due to balanced availability of nutrients. In this study, we investigated the influence of natural amendments (NAs), specifically sulfur and neem oil, on nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics from MBM and treated manure solids upto 63 days of incubation under controlled environment at 4 different time points (7th, 21st, 35th and 63rd days). Soil incubation experiments revealed distinct mineralization patterns between MBM and treated manure solids. MBM exhibited a faster N mineralization rate compared to treated manure solids. MBM treated with sulfur (25% of N) showed the highest net N mineralization rate (49.83%) as compared to untreated MBM (40.91%) by day 21. However, when MBM was amended with Neem oil (10% of N), the net N mineralization decreased significantly to 36.68% by day 21. There was no statistical difference observed between MBM, MBM with sulfur (25% of N), MBM with neem oil (10% of N) for net N mineralization at day 7. Similarly, treated manure solids with sulfur (25% N) non significantly reduced net N mineralization to 8.86% and 2.13% at 21 day and 7 days respectively. Further, we will be evaluating the effect of these treatments on soil biological health and C, N and P enzymatic activity. This comprehensive evaluation aims to provide insights into optimizing the use of natural amendments for strengthening nutrient management in organic agricultural systems.
I am a Ph.D. student working on anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) technique, its application for nutrient and weed management in horticultural crops (watermelon).
Role of Chlorella Application on Yield and Phytochemical Composition of Mustard Greens Sam Pratt1*, Shivani Kathi1, Steve Phillips2, and Justin Moss1 1Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078 2Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078 *Presenting author- Samatha.pratt@okstate.edu Organic nitrogen fertilizers have lower percentage of nitrogen than their chemical counterparts. Furthermore, nitrogen from organic fertilizers tend to be less readily available. Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) has been used as a biofertilizer in horticultural crop production in controlled environment production systems due to its role in nitrogen fixation. However, research gaps exist in the application of chlorella biofertilizer in open-field production systems. The goal of this research is to assess the impact of microalgae biofertilizers on crop productivity and nutritional quality of mustard green grown in open-field conditions under 100% nitrogen and nitrogen-deficit (50%) conditions. Treatments included chlorella applied through foliar spray, soil application, and a combination of foliar and soil arranged randomized complete block design in four blocks. Data was collected on yield (i.e., marketable and total yield) and nutrient composition of leafy greens (chlorophyll, carotenoids, and mineral nutrients composition). Soil application of chlorella under 100% fertilizer rate was more effective application method for the overall impact on yield. The crops that received lower amount of fertilizer and chlorella treatment had the lowest yield. Future research should focus on addition of Chlorella in different crop production systems with different organic fertilizers for additional nitrogen sources in low chemical input and organic based production systems.
With the goal of elucidating the influence of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) on organic strawberry production, plant growth responses of strawberry cultivars to ASD treatments under Florida sandy soil conditions were evaluated in this study across two locations. In both locations (Balm and Citra), a split-plot design with four replications was used in the field trial with the ASD treatment as the whole plot factor and the strawberry cultivar as the subplot factor. The three-week ASD treatments consisted of 13.9 m³/ha molasses combined with Everlizer 3-3-3 (a heat-processed poultry manure organic fertilizer) at either 9.5 (ASD1) or 14.25 Mg/ha (ASD2) in comparison with the no ASD control, while the strawberry cultivars included ‘Ember’, ‘Encore’, ‘Florida Brilliance’, ‘Florida Medallion’, ‘Florida Pearl’, and ‘Florida127’. Destructive sampling was conducted at mid-season and final harvest. Significant effects of ASD treatment and strawberry cultivar were observed for most measured traits, with no significant interaction observed. Across locations and plant stages, ASD treatments significantly enhanced shoot fresh weight and dry weight, crown diameter and number, and leaf number relative to the no ASD control. At Balm, ASD2 increased shoot fresh weight and dry weight by 21% and 9%, respectively, compared with the no ASD control at final harvest. Similar trends were observed at Citra, where ASD2 resulted in higher shoot fresh weight and dry weight by 29% and 31%, respectively, in comparison with the control. In contrast to the no ASD control, both ASD treatments led to greater crown diameters and leaf numbers. At Balm, ‘Florida127’ produced the highest shoot biomass and leaf count, while ‘Florida Brilliance’ maintained the largest crown diameter and high shoot biomass across plant stages. At Citra, ‘Encore’ and ‘Florida Brilliance’ exhibited the highest shoot biomass at final harvest. The relationship between plant growth measurements and fruit yield components will be further examined in the follow-up analysis. Collectively, these results provide a physiological basis for selecting strawberry cultivars for organic systems and understanding genotype by soil treatment interactions toward exploring the linkage between soil health, plant health, and crop productivity.
Funding Source This work is supported by the Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative program, project award no. 2021-51300-34914, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Funding Option OREl or ORG funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata) is a cool-season cash crop impacted by changing climates and hot summers. Fall-planted cabbage is a common practice hindered by warm-season weed competition during transplanting. This 2023 and 2024 study at the SDSU Southeast Research Farm, Beresford, SD, USA, investigated the impact of established clover living mulch on growth and yield of three fall cabbage varieties with different maturity periods. The varieties selected were Farao (65 DTM), Famosa (81 DTM), and Deadon (105 DTM). One year prior to cabbage planting, three clover cultivars were established: ‘Domino’ white clover (Trifolium repens), ‘Aberlasting’ white x kura clover (T. repens x ambiguum), and ‘Dynamite’ red clover (Trifolium pratense) which were compared to bare-ground control plots. Within each clover whole plot there were four in-row soil management subplots (till, till landscape fabric, no-till, no-till landscape fabric). Combinations of clover, soil management, and cabbage variety were compared for cabbage health, weed suppression, and marketable yield. Harvested cabbage heads were graded in accordance with the USDA Marketable Standard for cabbage cash crop production. Weed biomass decreased as the season progressed and mid-season drought conditions decreased clover growth. The in-row soil treatments demonstrated significant differences for clover and weed biomass accumulation (p < 0.0001). Regardless of variety, cabbage yield and transplant survival decreased within all no-till treatments; this was often due to very small and soft heads. ‘Fararo’ and ‘Famosa’ varieties matured faster than ‘Deadon’, resulting in the cash crop outcompeting weed and clover competition. Clover treatments had the highest impact on the yield of US Number 1 marketable heads (p = 0.02). Cabbage yield within the US Commercial and Unmarketable categories were not impacted by the clover treatments (p = 0.4 and p = 0.06, respectively). The impact of soil management treatments varied depending on the clover variety and cabbage variety combinations. The findings of this study suggest that clover living mulch systems reduce weed competition, minimizing farmers’ workload throughout the season. Within the planting beds, utilization of landscape fabric within no-till treatments is recommended to guard against yield loss. Use of tillage produced marketable crops for all cabbage varieties, yet yield depended on the clover and cabbage variety combination. Organic farmers who grow cabbage within a living mulch system could utilize the living mulch as a benefit for weed suppression in pathways but need supplementary strategies to optimize yield production within the crop row.
As the demand for organic products increases so does the need of organically managed land. In the southeast, where affordable and arable land has become scarcer and more expensive, organic farmers can choose to transition derelict farmland and old pastureland systems to expand current or begin new operations. However, this marginal land is commonly in need of fertility inputs and dominated by perennial weed species. The transition process can prove to be very time and effort consuming. Through the use of no-till drill seeded cover crops, poultry litter applications, and organic fertilizer applications farmers could reduce the thresholds for transitions while potentially reducing weeds, adding instant fertility, and helping build soils for quick turnaround of vegetable cash-crops. Therefore, the objective of this field study was to determine the effects of no-till drill seeded summer cover crops (Sorghum-Sudangrass and Vigna unguiculata) and tarping, with and without the addition of poultry litter, on subsequent fall broccoli production in Georgia. This was a two-year field study on broccoli with the first implementation taking place in the fall of 2023 and the second in the fall of 2024. No-till drilled cover crops and tarps were applied/planted in early May both years with and without the application of poultry litter in a randomized complete split block design. Cover crops were then flail mowed and incorporated in early August both years. Plots were rototilled the first week of September and Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. Belstar was planted with 0.45-m in row spacing in two rows on 0.18-m beds. Broccoli was harvested, counted, and separated into marketable yield or unmarketable yield. Soil cores were taken throughout both the cover crop and cash crop season with measurements of soil nutrients, inorganic nitrogen, and nitrogen mineralization potential being outlined. In 2023 and in 2024 plots that received the combined treatments of silage tarps, poultry litter, and organic fertilizer had the highest marketable yield average of 10013 kg/ha and 8623kg/ha. In 2023 the plots that received the treatments of sudex, no poultry litter, and no fertilizer preformed the poorest in terms of marketable yield, garnishing an average of 2429 kg/ha; while in 2024 the plots that received a silage tarp, no poultry litter, and no fertilizer preformed the poorest with an average marketable yield of 5614 kg/ha.
This workshop will focus on the educational (University) and Technical Programs geared towards Organic Horticulture. Universities vary greatly in their organic programs, student interest in organic programs, and facilities. Similarly, the technical assistance provided from growers varies from state to state. Recent Transition to Organic Partnership Program (TOPP) programming, has created more interest in providing this assistance. This workshop will focus on discussing the challenges to organic education both at the undergraduate and farmer level.
Speakers:
Kate Cassity-Duffey, University of Georgia
Mary Rogers, University of Georgia
Christian Stephenson University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Christine Coker University of Mississippi
Thursday July 31, 2025 8:00am - 10:00am CDT Strand 10
A forum for discussion of potential collaborations with regards to fruit, vegetable, and edible crops – i.e. citrus, breeding, production systems, postharvest, pomology, crop management, viticulture, etc.
I work with peri-urban vegetable production, saffron production and roadside vegetation for southern New England. I am the Vice-President Elect for Extension.
Grafting and microbial inoculation are promising strategies for enhancing organic pepper production, mainly to manage soil-borne diseases and optimize nutrient utilization. This study conducted in a high tunnel environment evaluated the performance of two Phytophthora-resistant rootstocks, CM-334 and YC-207, grafted with a common scion (Mama Mia Giallo), and the application of a mycorrhizal and bacterial mix consortium under two organic fertilization rates (100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 as optimal rate and reduced to half as low rate). Our hypothesis explored whether the synergy of microbial inoculation and grafting could compensate for the reduced growth of the low rate by improving nutrient use efficiency. Chlorophyll content was higher (~10 %) in inoculated plants compared to non-inoculated plants under low fertilization. At the peak bloom stage, leaf net photosynthesis was similar at both fertilization rates, while inoculated plants had an increase in plant water use efficiency (~12 %). Microbial inoculation and low fertilization induced early flowering compared to non-inoculated plants grown at optimal fertilization rate. Under low fertilization, inoculated YC-grafted plants exhibited higher electron transport rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate than other inoculated plants. CM-grafted plants responded negatively to inoculation at optimal fertilization, as shown by the lower net photosynthesis (~16 %) and stomatal conductance (~44 %) compared to non-inoculated plants. The correlation of these physiological traits with fruit yield, quality, and soil health will provide further understanding applicable to rootstock selection and microbial inoculation to optimize pepper production, particularly in resource-limited conditions.
Modern agricultural production systems have become highly specialized and input-intensive models that boost food production and lower production costs. While this has allowed us to meet our rising food demand, it has led to environmental degradation. Moreover, these systems lack resilience and sustainability against higher supply costs and shifting environmental conditions. Integrated Crop Livestock Systems (ICLS) at the field level are an alternative that balances productivity with environmental responsibility by combining crop and animal rotations. Often incorporating practices such as cover crops, reduced or no-tillage and minimal external inputs. ICLS can improve soil health, enhance nutrient cycling, and improve resilience through diversification. Livestock is central to ICLS and can be adapted to farm specific needs. For small organic farmers, poultry is an attractive option due to its easy handling and regular production of meat or eggs. However, chickens can carry pathogens such as Salmonella.spp and Listeria monocytogenes, raising food safety concerns. With no specific guidelines for ICLS implementation, organic farmers are encouraged to follow the 90 -120 USDA National Organic Program (NOP) rule for application of raw manure. This research aims to clarify food safety implications when integrating poultry into specialty crops systems The study followed organic practices on organic land. Designed as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plots with poultry foraging on high or low cover crop residue, or no grazing as the main plot with tillage or no-tillage as the split plot factor. Chickens foraged for 5 weeks before processing for-carcass weight, meat yield and Salmonella.spp cecal prevalence. After chickens were removed from the cover crop, organic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Granadero’) seedlings were planted. We measured tomato yield per plant. Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. was determined from cecal and soil and tomato surface samples at two-time points; directly after chicken removal at harvest (n= 348 environmental samples). Neither foraging nor tillage type had a significant effect on tomato yield, suggesting that animal integration is a viable option for cover crop management and farm diversification. After the chicken removal all environmental samples tested negative for Salmonella spp. At harvest, Salmonella appeared in 17 of 348 samples (4.88%), suggesting that integrating chickens does not necessarily elevate the risk of produce contamination and that other environmental factors affecting Salmonella prevalence should be further studied.
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a potential biological alternative to chemical fumigation for managing soilborne pathogens and enhancing soil health in strawberry production. The effectiveness of ASD for improving organic strawberry systems deserves more in-depth research. Building upon an ASD input rate study, this on-station experiment, conducted at Citra and Balm in Florida, assessed the impacts of two ASD treatments, including molasses (13.9 m³/ha) combined with either 9.5 (ASD1) or 14.25 Mg/ha (ASD2) of Everlizer, a heat-processed poultry manure product on strawberry yield performance. Using a split-plot design with four replications, the three-week ASD treatments and no ASD control were included in the whole plots and six strawberry cultivars (i.e., ‘Florida127’, ‘Florida Brilliance’, ‘Florida Medallion’, ‘Florida Pearl’, ‘Ember’, and ‘Encore’) were included in the subplots. A sunn hemp summer cover crop was grown, and the soil was incorporated before ASD establishment and Fall strawberry planting. At Citra, ASD1 and ASD2 significantly increased marketable fruit yield compared to the no ASD control by about 25% and 21%, respectively. However, this increase was accompanied by a modest increase in unmarketable yield, particularly under ASD1. The cultivar effect was also significant (p < 0.001), with ‘Encore’ and ‘Ember’ exhibiting the highest marketable fruit yield, while ‘Florida Brilliance’ had the highest unmarketable fruit yield. A similar trend was observed at Balm, where ‘Encore’ was the cultivar with the highest marketable yield. In addition, marketable fruit yield was increased by 7% under ASD1 and 36% under ASD2 relative to the control. On the other hand, ASD1 and ASD2 also led to higher unmarketable fruit yields by 13% and 35%, respectively, relative to the control. While the main effects of ASD treatment and strawberry cultivar were significant at both locations, no ASD by cultivar interaction was observed, indicating that cultivar performance trends were relatively stable across ASD treatments. Across locations, ASD significantly improved total fruit yield, with ASD1 promoting a higher level of marketability by lowering the amount of unmarketable fruit. These results demonstrate the application of ASD for enhancing strawberry yield in sandy soils and subtropical environments and highlight the importance of cultivar selection for optimizing organic strawberry production systems and assisting with organic transition. Further assessments of ASD inputs and implementation, fruit compositional quality, plant nutrient uptake, and soil microbial activity are expected to provide more insights into developing ASD practices for advancing sustainable strawberry production in Florida and the Southeastern region.
Funding Source This work is supported by the Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative program, project award no. 2021-51300-34914, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Funding Option OREl or ORG funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) is a plant growth regulator widely used in apple production to delay ethylene-mediated ripening and improve fruit quality. This has become a key tool for delaying ripening, optimizing harvest time, and reducing preharvest drop. The development of an organic AVG is key for organic apple production, where growers currently lack effective tools to delay ripening and manage fruit quality, both at harvest and postharvest. A new organic-compliant formulation, Retain® OL, was developed to meet the needs of the organic industry. To assess the potential of organic AVG, field trials were conducted over three seasons in commercial Gala and Honeycrisp orchards. Different application rates were tested, and fruit samples were collected at preharvest, harvest, and postharvest intervals. Fruit maturity and quality attributes including flesh firmness, skin color, Index of Absorbance Difference (IAD), starch index, total soluble solids (TSS), among others were measured. Postharvest evaluations continued for up to nine months in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Retain® OL application effectively delayed fruit maturity in both Gala and Honeycrisp apples in a dose- and timing-dependent manner. Treated fruit exhibited higher firmness at harvest and after extended storage. IAD values were consistently improved, indicating a slower ripening process and delayed loss of chlorophyll. In Gala, red skin color development was maintained or enhanced, whereas Honeycrisp showed a slight reduction in coloration. The starch index was higher in the untreated control at both preharvest and harvest stages, indicating more advanced ripening. Total soluble solids (TSS) showed variable responses across seasons, influenced by treatment rate, timing, and cultivar. Depending on these factors, TSS levels were maintained, improved, or slightly reduced compared to the control. This study provides new insights into the pre- and postharvest effects of Retain® OL. Overall, organic AVG demonstrated benefits comparable to the conventional formulation, offering a valuable tool for harvest management in organic apple production. These findings support the integration of organic AVG into organic systems to enhance harvest flexibility, improve storability, and increase overall fruit marketability.
Despite its challenges, non-chemical, reduced tillage vegetable production is of continued interest among researchers and growers as a way to improve soil health. Primarily success in this production method has been use of high biomass cover crops such as cereal rye terminated with a roller crimper. However alternative cover crops should be explored to diversify reduced tillage systems and to improve nitrogen synchrony. Sunn hemp (Crotelaria juncea) is a high biomass producing legume with potential to achieve weed suppression while reducing nitrogen immobilization in non-chemical, no-till vegetable production. A two-year study was conducted at the Meigs Horticulture Facility (Meigs) in Lafayette IN to assess the potential of sunn hemp as a cover crop suitable for rolling in a non-chemical, no-till vegetable production system. At Meigs roll success of three sunn hemp rolling dates was evaluated. Followed by Swiss chard production. Sunn hemp was rolled with and I and J roller crimper 60, 70, and 80 days after seeding. Prior to rolling sunn hemp height, above ground biomass (sunn hemp and weed), and roll success was measured 4 weeks after rolling by collecting terminated (senesced) and non- terminated (non- senesced) sunn hemp from 0.25m2 quadrats. Roll success was most related to sunnhemp height and biomass at time of rolling (R2 = 0.76 P < 0.01 ,0.68 P =0.15). In year one rolling was only successful 80 days after seeding, however in in year two rolling was successful at all seeding dates. More research is needed to understand mechanisms contributing to sunn hemp rolling success.
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are the largest vegetable crop in the US by dollar value and represent a significant source of income for organic growers in the southeast. High tunnels allow growers to capture more profitable early markets, and the protection they offer provides additional benefits such as extended growing seasons and reduced leaf wetness/foliar disease. Most research on organic high tunnel tomatoes to date focuses on heirloom varieties due to their popularity among organic growers. However, advances in plant breeding in recent decades have yielded hybrids that combine the desirable culinary and aesthetic characteristics of heirlooms with the superior vigor and disease resistance of modern genetics. The objective of this study was to compare the performance and characteristics of such specialty hybrids under organic high tunnel, and organic and conventional field conditions in the Georgia Piedmont region. Two indeterminate cultivars were chosen for this project: ‘Estiva’, a mediterranean variety noted for setting fruit under high temperatures; and ‘Tomimaru Muchoo’, a Japanese pink slicer with thin skin and low acidity. Transplants of both varieties were grown under organic greenhouse conditions for several weeks before planting in organic field, organic high tunnel, or conventional field plasticulture systems. Data loggers were placed in each site to record temperature, relative humidity, PAR, and soil moisture. Fruits were harvested once per week and sorted by USDA marketability standards. Both total and marketable yield were recorded for each plot, as well as disease, pest, and physiological disorder damage. Subsampled fruits from each plot were measured for dimensions, mass, and qualitative aesthetic rating. Fruit and aboveground biomass samples from each plot were harvested, dried, and ground, then analyzed for elemental nutrient content. Soil samples were also taken from each plot prior to planting and after termination for nutrient analysis, pH, and organic matter. In 2023, the highest marketable yields were from the organic high tunnel, with ‘Estiva’ and ‘Tomimaru’ averaging 15491 and 15992 lb/A (FW), respectively; while the conventional field performed better in 2024, with average yields of 11807 (‘Estiva’) and 11611 lb/A (‘Tomimaru’). In 2024, ‘Estiva’ had substantial losses in the high tunnel due to blossom end rot, with 30% of the harvest being marketable as opposed to the 53% obtained from ‘Tomimaru’. These results suggest that under optimal conditions, organic growers can achieve similar yields of high-quality tomatoes to their conventional counterparts through proper application of high tunnels and superior varieties.
Organic lettuce production in hydroponic systems often yields less than conventional production. A previous study from the lab found that organic nutrient film technique (NFT) system with Pre-Empt organic fertilizer contained high concentrations of nitrite ions, which likely induce stress and resulted in lower lettuce yield. To address this toxicity, we conducted a series of studies investigating the effect of reservoir aeration, with the hypothesis that aeration would enhance microbial mineralization of organic nitrogen and reduce the concentrations of phytotoxic compounds such as nitrite and ammonium. In the first study, we aerated NFT reservoir tanks with 15.9 mL/L (2 oz/gal) Pre-Empt organic fertilizer. Aeration increased dissolved oxygen (from 6.4 to 7.8 mg/L) and decreased the ratio of nitrite-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen (from 1.1 to 0.2) but did not affect ammonium. As a result, aeration increased yield of ‘Casey’ lettuce by 2.6 times. In the second study, aeration did not increase lettuce growth when the concentration of Pre-Empt fertilizer decreased to 10.6 mL/L (1.4 oz/gal). Furthermore, in the third study, we found cultivar-specific response to the aeration of organic fertilizer. These results suggested that aeration can enhance mineralization of organic nitrogen, reduce root-zone nitrite toxicity and increase lettuce yield at high fertilizer rates and potentially depending on cultivar.
As environmental concerns grow, the horticultural sector is increasingly encouraged to adopt sustainable production practices. Certified Naturally Grown (CNG), established in 2002, offers a peer-reviewed certification rooted in organic principles and aims to foster a strong community network for small-scale producers. This research documents the process of certifying previously unmanaged farmland through the CNG program, offering research-based insights for growers considering certification. The project began with the revitalization of an overgrown, neglected field, focusing first on soil improvement and field preparation to support sustainable crop production. To build soil health and fertility, we planted both summer and fall/winter cover crop mixtures, which helped improve nutrient cycling and restore organic matter. In addition to soil improvement, we developed an integrated pest management (IPM) protocol tailored to our production system and selected OMRI-listed products to meet fertilization, pest, and disease control needs in compliance with CNG standards. To support certification, we also established a record-keeping system to document field activities, input usage, and compliance measures. Finally, we created postharvest handling protocols aligned with CNG principles to help ensure both food safety and product quality from field to market. Soil testing has shown an improvement in soil organic matter, plant-available soil nutrients, and an increase in soil microbial biomass. These gains reflect an improvement in overall soil health and provide a strong foundation for sustainable crop production. Ultimately, this project highlights the planning and steps required for successful CNG certification. The educational tools we create will serve as a guide for producers transitioning to CNG, equipping them with the knowledge to implement sustainable and resilient farming practices.
Momentum for sustainable and organic farming remains strong, driven by concerns for environmental stewardship, health, and social responsibility. As of the 2022 USDA Organic Certified Survey, the number of certified organic operations in the United States grew to 18,263, covering 5,083,623 acres. However, Mississippi continues to have a limited presence, with only 5 certified specialty crop operations as per the USDA Organic Integrity Database. Building on our initial findings, this year’s research continues to investigate the motivations and barriers producers face when adopting organic principles. In year two, we expanded the reach of our survey, pushing the 43-question instrument into all 50 states with the assistance of our partners. The survey remains focused on key challenges including social, environmental, and technical concerns. The core themes from year one—environmental consciousness, financial constraints, and the knowledge-implementation gap—remain prevalent, but we have also observed evolving trends in the responses. Producers continue to cite environmental and market motivations as key drivers. They emphasize the benefits of education on the producer and consumer level as a potential solution. Financial challenges remain a significant barrier, with many producers expressing concerns about the high costs of transition and the economic uncertainty during the process. New insights have emerged regarding the growing role of social networks and community support in facilitating the adoption of organic practices, suggesting that social capital may help mitigate some of the technical and financial challenges producers face. Our case study of a beginning farmer in Calhoun City, Mississippi, highlighted valuable insights into the specific challenges faced by farmers in a region where organic practices are still uncommon. It also highlighted the importance of bridging the knowledge gap and improving support systems for producers. The insights and data garnered have been used to develop a regional database of interested producers. These growers are helping refine recommendations and contribute to the development of targeted programs aimed at supporting the transition to organics including conferences, publication, and other educational efforts. These ongoing experiences continue to guide our understanding of the complexities of transitioning to organic agriculture, offering real-world examples that complement the survey data. As we move forward, we are also exploring how farmers' willingness to adopt organic practices evolves over time and how external factors may influence their decisions. This ongoing research plays a crucial role in advancing the transition to organic certification, ensuring producers are supported in their effort to pursue sustainable practices.
