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Subject: Citrus Crops clear filter
Tuesday, July 29
 

12:15pm CDT

CITR 1 - Advances in digital phenotyping and data management using open-source Citrus Genome Database, Breeding Information Management System, and Field Book in citrus breeding programs
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Citrus is one of the most widely grown fruit crops worldwide with a total of $2.98 billion in productivity in the U.S. However, the citrus industry has been significantly affected by Huanglongbing (HLB) which caused as much as 90% production loss in Florida. Efficient phenotyping and data management will aid breeding selection and hasten the development of high yielding citrus varieties with durable resistance to HLB. The Citrus Genome Database (CGD, www.citrusgenomedb.org), an integrated web-based community database for citrus genomic, genetic, and breeding research, offers the Breeding Information and Management System (BIMS) for efficient public or private data management. BIMS is compatible with Field Book, an Android app which allows breeders to collect data on phones or tablets. In addition, the compliance of BIMS and Field Book with the Breeding API (BrAPI) enables seamless data transfer between them. This transition to electronic data collection and data management using BIMS has boosted the efficiency of the University of Florida citrus breeding program. Under the 2022-funded SCRI-project ‘Advanced National Database Resources for Specialty Crop Research and Improvement’, we aim to collaborate with citrus breeding programs across the U.S., offering in-person or webinar training on BIMS and Field Book, while sharing updates on these tools with citrus breeders.
Speakers
RT

Ronald Tapia

University of Florida/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center
Co-authors
BE

Bryan Ellerbrock

Clemson University
NA
DM

Dorrie Main

Washington State University
FG

Frederick G. Gmitter Jr.

University of Florida/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center
NA
JH

Jodi Humann

Washington State University
SJ

Sook Jung

Washington State University
NA
TL

Taein Lee

Washington State University
NA
TR

Trevor Rife

Clemson University
NA
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Empire AB

12:15pm CDT

CITR 1 - Impacts of Organic Amendments on HLB-affected Citrus Tree Growth and Root Development
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Nutrient availability is an essential aspect of plant growth and development. Sandy soils have low nutrient-holding capacities. Huanglongbing (HLB) trees have lower fine root density and thus decreased capacity to uptake nutrients. Organic amendments have been known to increase nutrient-holding capacities in sandy soils and provide additional nutrients. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the influences of organic amendments on citrus production on sandy soil, and 2) assess the potential of organic amendments to alleviate the negative impacts of HLB. The study was conducted over six months in a greenhouse setting at the Citrus Research and Education Center in Lake Alfred Florida using Valenica sweet orange on Swingle citrumelo rootstock grown on Candler fine sand. Treatments of compost (5% and 10% by volume) and peat moss (5 and 10% by volume) and a control composed of Candler fine sand without amendment were applied to a total of 50 trees, 25 of which were HLB-affected and the other 25 were healthy trees. The following variables were measured: tree diameter, tree height, leaf chlorophyll content, soil nutrient content, tissue nutrient content, soil organic matter content, and biomass and nutrient accumulation. Organic amendments improved soil organic matter content by 20 to 40%. Organic amendments also increased plant and root growth parameters and demonstrate an ability to alleviate the negative impacts of HLB. Our research will eventually be followed up by field studies to validate the greenhouse observations.
Speakers
TT

Therese Thompson

University of Florida
Co-authors
DK

Davie Kadyampakeni

University of Florida
NA
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA
  • Funding Option OREl or ORG funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract

12:15pm CDT

CITR 1 - Soil Microbiome Response to Cover Cropping in HLB-Affected Citrus Groves: Insights from a Three-Year Field Study in Southeast Florida
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, has severely impacted citrus production in Florida, with no known cure currently available. Growers have increasingly adopted soil-focused management strategies, including cover cropping, to improve soil health and support tree resilience. In the Indian River District, where sandy soils with low fertility and organic matter prevail, the potential for cover crops to influence the soil microbiome remains underexplored. To investigate this, a three-year field trial was established in collaboration with a commercial grower and the University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, in Ft. Pierce. The trial included ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit trees grafted on ‘US-942’, ‘Bearss’ lemon trees grafted on ‘Sour Orange’, and ‘OLL’ sweet orange trees grafted on ‘US-942’ rootstock. A randomized complete block design was used to compare conventional management (no cover crops) to a cover crop system, with species planted biannually and terminated at the end of each season. Soil microbiome composition and diversity were assessed seasonally through high-throughput sequencing, alongside measurements of soil nutrients, organic matter, moisture, and temperature. Early results suggest that the use of cover crops may influence soil microbial communities, with some differences observed between treatments over the three-year period. These include modest shifts in microbial diversity and structure, although the functional significance of these changes remains unclear. These findings suggest that cover crops may influence the soil microbiome in HLB-affected citrus groves, potentially contributing to improved soil conditions and offering a possible strategy to support long-term sustainability in southeast Florida citrus production systems.
Speakers
avatar for Lorenzo Rossi

Lorenzo Rossi

Assistant Professor, Texas A&M University
Dr. Rossi’s research program focuses on understanding the responses of horticultural crops to environmental stresses, with the goal of developing environmentally sound and effective management strategies. He is a horticulturist with expertise in plant stress physiology, plant biology... Read More →
Co-authors
JF

John-Paul Fox

University of Florida
LH

Lukas Hallman

University of Florida
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA NIFA MultiState project #S1070

12:15pm CDT

CITR 1 - Understanding Fruit Retention in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Under HLB-Induced Premature Drop Conditions
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Fruit retention is a critical factor for citrus growers, as fruit that remains on the tree to be harvested is the fruit that gets paid for. The challenge has been exacerbated by Huanglongbing (HLB), a disease that significantly increases premature fruit drop, making it essential to identify the key factors influencing fruit retention. In this study, the relationship between fruit size, leaf count, seed viability, and fruit detachment force (FDF) was investigated to better understand what contributes to fruit retention on the tree. A total of 30 fruit per tree in four trees were tagged,fruit size and leaf count on the fruiting branch were recorded and monitored over five weeks., In the second week, Ethephon (150 ppm) was sprayed to induce faster fruit drop. Weekly measurements were taken to track fruit drop. At the end of the study period, the remaining fruit were removed along with their stems to measure FDF, viable seed count, and aborted seed count. The findings indicate a positive correlation between the fruit’s FDF and leaf count, suggesting that fruit with more supporting foliage are more likely to remain attached. Additionally, a negative correlation between the number of aborted seeds and FDF was observed, implying that fruit with more aborted seeds are also more susceptible to detachment. These findings were strengthened by comparing the average values of leaves and aborted seeds between the fruit that had to be manually removed and the fruit that dropped prematurely. The prematurely dropped fruit had a significantly lower number of leaves (9 vs. 16.4 average) and a higher aborted seed number (1.9 vs. 0.9 average). These insights should motivate growers to find therapies that promote leaf growth for a more profitable orchard. The study also points to a need for further investigation into the causes of seed abortion to get a clearer picture of the basic mechanism causing HLB-induced fruit drop.
Speakers
JH

Johann Hiller

University of Florida
Co-authors
TL

Taylor Livingston

University of Florida
NA
TV

Tripti Vashisth

University of Florida
Tuesday July 29, 2025 12:15pm - 1:00pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 1

3:59pm CDT

CITR 1 - Oral Session
Tuesday July 29, 2025 3:59pm - 4:00pm CDT
Presiding/Moderator
avatar for Caroline de Favari Tardivo

Caroline de Favari Tardivo

PhD Candidate, University of Florida
Tuesday July 29, 2025 3:59pm - 4:00pm CDT
Foster 2

4:00pm CDT

CITR 1 - Delaying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Infection of Citrus Trees Through Use of Individual Protective Covers and Systemic Delivery of Oxytetracycline
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:00pm - 4:15pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), continues to devastate citrus production worldwide. Individual protective covers (IPCs) offer a physical barrier against the Asian citrus psyllid, delaying CLas infection in young trees. However, once removed, trees become vulnerable to rapid infection. This study evaluates an integrated approach utilizing IPCs followed by systemic oxytetracycline (OTC) trunk injections to mitigate disease progression and sustain tree health. A field trial was established with ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted onto US-812 or US-942 rootstocks. Trees were either protected with IPCs for 18 months after planting (“late infected”) or had “open” IPCs (“early infected”). All trees received annual OTC injections in 2023 and 2024, beginning 10 months after IPC removal. CLas titers, OTC residues, tree growth, fruit yield and quality, leaf nutrient content, and root endorhizosphere microbial dynamics were assessed. Results indicate that IPCs successfully delayed infection, as late-infected trees maintained lower CLas titers for the first five months after IPC removal and exhibited denser canopies and larger scion and rootstock trunk diameters than early-infected trees. OTC injections significantly reduced CLas titers in leaves, with effects persisting for up to six months. However, no significant reductions in CLas titers were detected in fibrous roots, suggesting limited OTC translocation to the root system. Injected trees exhibited a greener canopy color, greater leaf size, higher chlorophyll content, higher yield, larger fruit size, and better juice quality compared to non-injected trees. No significant changes in leaf nutrient content were observed, and the root endorhizosphere microbial diversity remained unchanged across treatments, indicating minimal disruption to the microbial community due to the antibiotic. These findings provide evidence supporting the combination of IPCs and systemic delivery of OTC as an integrated strategy to manage HLB in new citrus plantings. IPCs delay the onset of infection, allowing trees to establish a healthy canopy and robust root system, while OTC injections aid in sustaining tree health post-infection. The integration of these practices provides a promising framework for establishing productive citrus orchards under HLB-endemic conditions.
Speakers
avatar for Caroline de Favari Tardivo

Caroline de Favari Tardivo

PhD Candidate, University of Florida
Co-authors
BM

Brittney Monus

University of Florida
NA
FA

Fernando Alferez

University of Florida
LA

Leigh Archer

University of Florida
NA
SS

Sarah Strauss

University of Florida/IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center
NA
UA

Ute Albrecht

University of Florida/IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:00pm - 4:15pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA NIFA ECDRE 2022-70029-38481 / 2020-70029-33202
  • Funding Option SCRI funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract

4:15pm CDT

CITR 1 - Enhancing efficacy of oxytetracycline trunk injection for Huanglongbing management in citrus: effects of volume, mode, and time of injection
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:15pm - 4:30pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a major threat to citrus production worldwide, severely reducing tree health, yield, and fruit quality. In Florida, trunk injection of oxytetracycline (OTC) has emerged as a promising management strategy for HLB. Under this context, this study aimed to enhance the efficacy of OTC injection by evaluating different injection volumes, modes of injection (one or two-sided), and injection timing in HLB-affected ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis) trees in southwest Florida. Two experiments were conducted with 8-year-old trees. The first experiment, implemented in two locations, assessed four combinations of different OTC volumes and modes of injection: 1) 50 mL (one-sided), 2) 100 mL (one-sided), 3) 100 mL (two-sided, 50 mL each side), and 4) 200 mL (two-sided, 100 mL each side), all delivering 0.825 g (a.i.) OTC (Rectify, AgroSource, Inc.) per tree. The second experiment compared early (May) and late (July) injections using 100 mL (two-sided, 50 mL each side), delivering 0.825 g (a.i.) OTC (Rectify) per tree. Injectors were placed on opposite sides of the trunk for the two-sided treatments. OTC solutions were prepared right before injection. In both experiments, treatments were compared against an untreated control. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 10 single-tree replications for the first experiment and 8 replications of 4 trees each for the second. Leaf samples were collected over time to analyze bacterial (CLas) titers and OTC residues, while canopy health, yield, and fruit quality were evaluated annually. For the second experiment, fruit development (size and peel color) was monitored monthly after OTC injection, and fruit yield and quality were assessed annually. Our results demonstrate that two-sided injection increases fruit yield more than one-sided injection and that the combination of two-sided injection and a larger volume of the injected solution may further enhance fruit yield compared to the untreated control. This improvement is attributed to better OTC distribution within the canopy, leading to greater bacterial suppression and tree recovery. Moreover, early (May) injection promotes fruit size by extending the fruit growth period, while late (July) injection enhances juice soluble solids content with a more compact fruit size. However, early injections result in greener fruit, which requires a longer maturation period to achieve the desired peel color and sugar content. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing OTC trunk injection strategies to improve citrus health and productivity in HLB-affected citrus orchards.
Speakers
DU

Deived Uilian de Carvalho

University of Florida
Co-authors
CD

Caroline de Favari Tardivo

University of Florida
JD

Jasmine de Freitas

University of Florida
NA
UA

Ute Albrecht

University of Florida/IFAS
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:15pm - 4:30pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA NIFA ECDRE (2021-70029-36056), Citrus Research and Development Foundation (22-001 and 23-002)

4:30pm CDT

CITR 1 - Rehabilitation of young HLB-affected citrus trees through combination of IPCS and OTC trunk injection
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:30pm - 4:45pm CDT
The combined use of Individual Protective Covers (IPCs) and oxytetracycline (OTC) trunk injection offers a promising strategy for managing huanglongbing (HLB) in young citrus trees by reducing environmental stress and preventing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) inoculation. This study evaluated whether young citrus trees that were grown without IPCs for the first two years after planting and severely affected by HLB can be rehabilitated by OTC injections, and whether IPCs provide additional benefits beyond OTC alone. ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees on US-812 and US-942 rootstocks, were organized in a randomized complete block design with three treatments: 1) no injection no IPC, 2) OTC injection no IPC, and 3) OTC injection IPC. Each treatment-rootstock combination consisted of 14 single-tree replications. Trunk injections were performed annually for two years (2023-2024) using Chemjet tree injectors, with solutions delivered into the rootstock. Comprehensive data were collected on the yield, juice quality, bacterial titers, disease state, flushing patterns, and psyllid infestation. No significant differences were observed between the rootstocks except for the juice quality, which was better in combination with US-812. OTC-injected trees consistently exhibited higher yields and improved juice quality, with no additional benefits from IPCs. A significant decrease in CLas titers was noted starting three months post-injection. Injected trees under IPCs had fewer HLB symptoms in the second year, and injected trees exhibited a significant increase in canopy density compared with non-injected trees. Trees with IPCs flushed less frequently during summer and winter than trees without IPCs. The psyllid infestation rate was the same in injected and non-injected trees, indicating that OTC treatment does not affect host attractiveness. These findings highlight the potential of OTC trunk injection to rehabilitate young HLB-affected citrus trees and enhance tree productivity. The longer-term role of IPCs in young tree rehabilitation is still under investigation.
Speakers
avatar for Larissa Nunes da Silva

Larissa Nunes da Silva

UF/IFAS - Southwest Florida Research
Co-authors
UA

Ute Albrecht

University of Florida/IFAS
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:30pm - 4:45pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA NIFA ECDRE 2022-70029-38481
  • Funding Option SCRI funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract

4:45pm CDT

CITR 1 - Evaluation of Different Oxytetracycline Doses Delivered by Trunk Injection for HLB Management of Mature ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange Trees
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:45pm - 5:00pm CDT
The systemic delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) by trunk injection has emerged as a viable strategy to diminish the impacts of the bacterial disease Huanglongbing (HLB) in Florida. This study aimed to determine the optimal OTC dose and best time of delivery to enhance tree health and productivity in mature HLB-affected citrus trees. It also investigated whether OTC effects persist after one single injection compared to two consecutive annual injections. The study began in 2023 at a commercial citrus grove in Polk County, Florida, using 18-year-old ‘Valencia’ (Citrus sinensis) trees grafted onto Swingle (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock. Four OTC doses (0.55 g, 0.825 g, 1.1 g, and 1.65 g of active ingredient per tree) were evaluated alongside two application times, spring and late summer, with a non-injected control for comparison. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with eight replications containing four trees. A commercial OTC formulation (ReMedium TI, 95% oxytetracycline hydrochloride) registered in Florida was applied using commercial tree injectors (FlexInject). Doses were applied in 100 ml acidified water through a single injector, except for the highest dose, which was split between two injectors and applied in a volume of 75 ml on opposite sides of the trunk. All trees received their designated doses in year 1, except for the non-injected controls. Only half of the trees injected in year 1 received a second dose in year 2. Trees were harvested in March 2024 and February 2025. Fruits were collected for fruit and juice quality analysis and to determine OTC fruit residue levels. Regardless of the dose, all OTC-treated trees produced more, larger-sized fruits, more total soluble solids (TSS), and a higher TSS-to-acid ratio compared to non-injected controls. The best results were obtained with the highest dose applied by split injections. There were no major differences between spring and summer injections except for the TSS content, which was higher and the percent acid, which was lower when trees were injected in late summer. However, fruit OTC residues were above the allowed maximum after late summer injections, suggesting that injections should be completed by the end of spring. Trees injected for two consecutive years produced significantly more, better-quality fruits than trees injected only once in the first year. These results confirm the efficacy of OTC trunk injections to enhance productivity and fruit quality under HLB-endemic conditions and provide important guidelines regarding dose and timing of injections.
Speakers
avatar for Gabriel Pugina

Gabriel Pugina

PhD candidate, University of Florida
Co-authors
CD

Caroline de Favari Tardivo

University of Florida
UA

Ute Albrecht

University of Florida/IFAS
Tuesday July 29, 2025 4:45pm - 5:00pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source Florida Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) #23-002

5:00pm CDT

CITR 1 - The Effects of Rootstock Selection and Oxytetracycline Trunk Injection on the Fruit and Juice Quality of the 'OLL-8' Sweet Orange Scion
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:00pm - 5:15pm CDT
Citrus production in the State of Florida has been decimated by the disease Huanglongbing (HLB). This disease is associated with the phloem-limited, gram-negative bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina Citri). Since HLB was first identified in Florida in 2005 it spread rapidly and was considered endemic in the state by 2013, resulting in a nearly 90% decline in citrus fruit production. While breeding more tolerant or fully resistant cultivars is likely the best long-term solution, trunk injections of the antibiotic oxytetracycline were granted emergency use approval in October 2022 to combat the bacteria. Historically most of Florida’s citrus production has been sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cultivars including ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ which were primarily destined for juice processing. Unfortunately, all known commercial sweet orange cultivars are susceptible to HLB infection leading to the rapid and drastic decrease in production across the state. Of the sweet orange cultivars that have been released by the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Orie and Louise Lee (‘OLL’) lines have shown some degree of tolerance to HLB in cultivar field trials. In our experiment we evaluated the effects of rootstock selection and oxytetracycline (OTC) trunk injections on the fruit and juice quality of the ‘OLL-8’ sweet orange scion. Three of the evaluated rootstocks (‘US-942’, ‘US-897’, and ‘Swingle’) are industry standard diploids, while the other three rootstocks (‘UFR-2’, ‘UFR-4’, and ‘UFR-6’) are tetraploids released by the University of Florida. For each of these rootstocks there were trees that were injected with OTC and untreated control trees. Fruit were harvested at several time points and data were collected on juice quality attributes including titratable acidity in citric acid equivalents, total soluble solids, sugar/acid ratio, pounds-solids per box, and juice color, as well as fruit characteristics including mass, diameter, total yield, and premature fruit drop. The trees that were injected with OTC had significantly larger mean fruit diameter, higher mean ratio, and lower premature fruit drop than untreated controls. There was also evidence for statistically significant differences among rootstock selections in conjunction with the ‘OLL-8’ scion for each of the characteristics that were evaluated. These results indicate that rootstock selection and OTC-trunk injections can significantly improve fruit and juice quality of the ‘OLL-8’ sweet orange scion. However, more research is needed on the effects of OTC injections in different rootstock-scion combinations.
Speakers
JV

Joe Volpe

University of Florida
Co-authors
EW

Emily Worbington

University of Florida-IFAS CREC
JC

John Chater

University of Florida
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:00pm - 5:15pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) MultiState Specialty Crop Block Grant through the California Department of Food and Agriculture project number 19-1043-002-SF

5:15pm CDT

CITR 1 - Efficacy of Oxytetracycline (OTC) for Huanglongbing (HLB) Management in South Texas ‘Rio Red’ Grapefruit
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:15pm - 5:30pm CDT
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), a phloem-limited bacterium transmitted by an insect vector, Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP). Currently, there are no commercially viable treatment options available for HLB management. Trunk injection of Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been widely adopted as a treatment option in Florida. Currently, OTC is not approved for use in Texas citrus, and no OTC efficacy data is available. This study evaluated the efficacy of OTC in mitigating HLB and managing tree health in nine and 17-year old ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) trees on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock, on a randomized complete block design in two commercial orchards. RECTIFY™ (95% Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) was injected into tree trunks at two rates (0.55g and 1.1g per tree) using Chemjet® tree injectors during June-July 2023 and May 2024. Trees were evaluated for various attributes, including periodic (pre-treatment, three, six, and nine months after OTC injection) bacterial titer in leaf and root tissues and tree health monitoring (canopy color, canopy density, and HLB severity) for the same time intervals. Fruits collected at harvest maturity were evaluated for yield, fruit size, and juice quality (brix, titratable acidity, flavonoids, carotenoids). Additionally, pre-harvest fruit drop and trunk injection site damage were recorded. OTC residue was measured in whole fruit and juice using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-TOF). Nine-year-old trees treated with 1.1g of OTC/tree in one of the sites showed a significant reduction of bacterial titers in leaf tissue. OTC treatment did not significantly improve yield. Canopy color showed noticeable improvement after the second OTC injection in the sites, whereas canopy density remained largely unaffected. After the second OTC injection, HLB severity and pre-harvest fruit drop were reduced, and improvement in fruit size was observed in 9-year-old trees. There is no significant improvement in juice quality. Damage caused by trunk injections healed rapidly in older trees than in younger trees. No OTC residue was detected in the juice and whole fruit at six months after the OTC injection. This is the first report on the efficacy of OTC for HLB management in Rio Red grapefruit in South Texas.
Speakers Co-authors
AS

Aditi Satpute

Texas A
NA
JP

Jong-Won Park

Texas A
NA
RM

Ram Mohan Uckoo

Wonderful Citrus
NA
RG

Ruth Galan

Wonderful Citrus
NA
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:15pm - 5:30pm CDT
Foster 2

5:30pm CDT

CITR 1 - Lessons from Oxytetracycline Trunk Injection to Manage Citrus Huanglongbing in Florida
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:30pm - 5:45pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening) has devastated citrus production around the world, especially in Florida where the disease has been endemic since 2013. HLB is associated with phloem-limited bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Elimination of the disease vector is difficult because of its abundance and the high costs of frequent insecticide applications. Foliar applied therapies to treat infected trees are largely ineffective because of the systemic distribution of the bacteria. Trunk injection of oxytetracycline (OTC) has emerged as a possible therapy to systemically deliver and target the pathogen and restore tree health. Since the registration of trunk injection of OTC for commercial use in Florida, our lab has conducted numerous field studies to assess the efficacy of this therapy on a large scale and study the influence of various factors such as tree age, rootstock, OTC dose, and time and method of application. Overall, all studies revealed significant improvements in fruit production along with increases in fruit and juice quality after one year of application. Yield improvements after two years of application were cumulative, reaching up to two-fold or more. The magnitude of improvements depended on various factors. Young trees generally responded better than older trees, and tree responses varied based on the rootstock. The efficacy of the therapy also depended on the dose of OTC administered to the trees, with higher doses generally generating larger effects. Moreover, delivering OTC on multiple sides of a tree instead of on only one side enhanced its distribution and therefore, efficacy. Late season injections improved the juice quality more but increased the OTC residue content in the fruits. The currently allowed residue level is 10 ppb, which was not exceeded when injections occurred in spring or early summer. OTC is phytotoxic and can have adverse effects on the tree. Efforts are underway to reduce or eliminate these negative effects and improve efficacy. Alternative therapies to be used instead of, or in combination with OTC, are also under evaluation. Taken together, the systemic delivery of OTC by trunk injection has emerged as a viable and economically feasible therapy to manage HLB in Florida and has been widely adopted. Nevertheless, it is regarded as a short-term solution until other solutions become available.
Speakers
UA

Ute Albrecht

University of Florida/IFAS
Co-authors
CD

Caroline de Favari Tardivo

University of Florida
DD

Deived de Carvalho

University of Florida/IFAS
GM

Gerardo Moreno

University of Florida/IFAS
NA
IR

Igor Rodrigues

University of Florida/IFAS
JD

Jasmine de Freitas

University of Florida/IFAS
NA
LN

Larissa Nunes da Silva

UF/IFAS - Southwest Florida Research
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:30pm - 5:45pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA NIFA ECDRE (project 2021-70029-36056) and Citrus Research and Development Foundation (projects 22-001, 23-002, 23-005, 23-036)
  • Funding Option SCRI funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract

5:45pm CDT

CITR 1 - Optimizing Trunk Injections of Oxytetracycline for Citrus Huanglongbing Management
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:45pm - 6:00pm CDT
In Florida and worldwide, citrus production is threatened by Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with phloem-limited Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Oxytetracycline delivery by trunk injection has been approved to treat commercial citrus groves affected by this endemic disease. However, the commercially available formulations require acidification of the active ingredient (oxytetracycline hydrochloride, OTC) to a pH of 1.8-2.0 to dissolve and stabilize the antibiotic, which may cause trunk damage, chloride toxicity, and limits compatibility with other compounds. A novel adjuvant has been developed, using EPA-approved ingredients to dissolve and stabilize OTC at a neutral pH while maintaining efficacy. This study compares the efficacy of neutralized and acidified solutions of OTC with and without the addition of ZnSO4 to optimize HLB management. The efficacy of Streptomycin (STM) as an alternative to or combined with OTC was also assessed. A field trial was conducted in a commercial citrus orchard in southwest Florida using seven-year-old ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees grafted on X-639 rootstock. The experimental design was a randomized block with ten treatments and eight replications, each containing four trees. Treatments included combinations of OTC, STM, and ZnSO4 with or without the adjuvant, and appropriate controls. Trees were injected in June 2024 with 100 mL of treatment solution on one side of the trunk using commercial (FlexInject, TJ BioTech) injectors. Leaves were collected to assess CLas titers and bacterial suppression. Phytotoxic effects in the canopy and trunk damage at the injection site were evaluated. Treatments containing the adjuvant and/or OTC caused significant phytotoxicity and more trunk damage. Trees were harvested in March 2025. Fruit yield was higher for all treatments containing OTC compared to the controls . The highest yield was measured when trees were injected with a combination of OTC and STM. The findings of this study led to the redesign of the neutral pH adjuvant to minimize tree damage and enhance OTC efficacy. The optimized formulation will be tested using the same experimental design in upcoming studies.
Speakers
avatar for Igor Rodrigues da Silva

Igor Rodrigues da Silva

Master's Student, UF/IFAS Southwest Florida Research
Co-authors
JP

Jorge Pereira

NanoScience Technology Center
NA
SS

Swadeshmukul Santra

University of Central Florida
NA
UA

Ute Albrecht

University of Florida/IFAS
Tuesday July 29, 2025 5:45pm - 6:00pm CDT
Foster 2
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 1
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source Citrus Research and Development Foundation (23-036)
 
Wednesday, July 30
 

11:14am CDT

CITR 2 - Oral Session
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:14am - 11:15am CDT
Presiding/Moderator
AA

Alisheikh Atta

University of Florida
Alisheikh Atta currently works at the Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Science, University of Florida. Alisheikh does research on HLB-affected citrus nutrient and water management. He studies the impact of plant nutrients on the performance of citrus trees, irrigation water... Read More →
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:14am - 11:15am CDT
Foster 1

11:15am CDT

CITR 2 - Nutrient Management and Rootstock Performance Enhance Nutrient Uptake, Tree Growth and Development, and Fuit Yield and Postharvest Fruit Quality of Sweet Orange
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:15am - 11:30am CDT
Crop protection measures, cultural practices, nutrient and irrigation management, rootstock selection, and other studies have been conducted to alleviate the devastating bacterial disease of huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening) in recent years. However, there is no single cure for HLB caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which is spread by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. The objectives of the study were to assess whether tree growth, soil and leaf tissue nutrient concentrations, fruit yield, and postharvest quality can be improved through improved nutrient management using selected rootstocks. The study was conducted on ‘Hamlin’ citrus trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni) or Swingle rootstocks [Citrus paradisi Macf. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] from 2019 – 2021. The study was conducted in a split plot design with two rootstocks as main plots, three nitrogen rates (168, 224, and 280 kg ha-1) as sub-plots, and secondary macronutrients (control, Ca or Mg-thiosulfates at 45 kg ha-1 each, and a combination of Ca and Mg at 22.5 kg ha-1 each) replicated four times. Results indicated that soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) were significantly accumulated in an oscillating (between spring and summer seasons) pattern for soil NH4-N and persistent accumulation of NO3-N on both rootstocks. Leaf Ca and Mg nutrient concentrations were significantly greater in Cleopatra than Swingle rootstocks. Trees on Swingle rootstocks react greater than those on Cleopatra rootstocks. Control trees had a lower LAI than those that received either Ca and/or Mg treatments, and the impact is significantly prevalent on Swingle than on Cleopatra rootstocks. Trees on Cleopatra had greater canopy volumes than Swingle rootstocks. However, the impact of secondary macronutrients manifested only after the third year of the study. Fruit yield significantly increased with a magnitude of 1.8× in the trees that received combined Ca and Mg treatments than a control tree. Greater fruit total soluble solids were detected in trees that received Mg or combined Ca and Mg treatments. Hence, nutrient management can enhance tree growth, fruit yield, and postharvest quality and can be used as an immediate solution until the HLB can be permanently eradicated.
Speakers
AA

Alisheikh Atta

University of Florida
Alisheikh Atta currently works at the Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Science, University of Florida. Alisheikh does research on HLB-affected citrus nutrient and water management. He studies the impact of plant nutrients on the performance of citrus trees, irrigation water... Read More →
Co-authors
DK

Davie kadyampakeni

University of Florida
NA
KM

Kelly Morgan

University of Florida
NA
MR

Mark Ritenour

University of Florida
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:15am - 11:30am CDT
Foster 1

11:30am CDT

CITR 2 - Boosting Canopy Health: Micronutrient and Antioxidant Strategies for HLB-Affected Citrus
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:30am - 11:45am CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), a.k.a. citrus greening, is an endemic disease significantly impacting Florida and Texas citrus production. HLB-affected trees are compromised in the canopy and root health, often found with heavy loss of root mass that impairs water and nutrient uptake, leading to nutrient deficiencies. The prevalent presence of the suspected causal organism of HLB, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) bacterium, in the citrus phloem leads to a cascade of active defense responses triggered by plant-pathogen interactions. One of the crucial outcomes of the interactions is the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to excessive oxidative stress that, over time, weakens tree health. Therefore, this research investigated the therapeutic strategies to mitigate nutrient deficiencies and HLB symptoms, attenuate reactive oxygen species load, and improve the production of premium grapefruits in trees affected by HLB by combining an integrated approach of micronutrient applications with antioxidants. The experiment design consisted of the foliar application of micronutrients, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) varied in two rates: 2 quarts/acre (control) and 3 quarts/acre that were conducted alone or in combination with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), uric acid, and gibberellic acid (GA). The micronutrients, GABA, and uric acid applications were conducted at an interval of three months, while GA sprays were limited between blooming to the pre-harvest period in the HLB-affected mature grapefruit grove with a tree density of 104 trees/acre in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The results demonstrated that merely increasing micronutrient application to 3 quarts/acre improved canopy health, with healthy (non-HLB-symptomatic) canopy quadrants reaching an average of 30% compared to 16.7% in the control treatment. Moreover, the standalone 3-quarts/acre significantly improved the yield of premium-size grapefruit to 25% compared to 6.2% in 2-quarts/acre only. The combination of GA (10 Fl.Oz/acre) and GABA (8 gm/tree) with control micronutrient treatment enhanced healthy canopy quadrants to 33% and 38%, respectively, compared to 19% in the micronutrient-only control. In 3 quarts/acre, GA and GABA showed synergistic effects in improving the canopy health by alleviating HLB severity. This applied research provides a practical framework for translating laboratory findings into field applications for managing HLB-affected trees. The integrated approach of combining enhanced micronutrient applications with antioxidants and phytohormones shows promise in mitigating HLB symptoms and improving fruit yield, particularly in the premium size category.
Speakers Co-authors
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:30am - 11:45am CDT
Foster 1
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 2
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA NIFA ECDRE Federal Award No. 2022-70029-38471
  • Funding Option SCRI funded all or part of the research associated with this abstract

11:45am CDT

CITR 2 - Fruit growth responses of Rio Red grapefruit to annual N granular fertilization
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:45am - 12:00pm CDT
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient required to support citrus yield and fruit quality. Its bioavailability to the tree must be continuous to support adequate biomass production, especially at key phenological stages such as vegetative flush and fruit setting. However, most commercial nutrition programs in southern Texas deliver synthetic fertilizer on average twice per year when not drip-irrigated. Although adoption of fertigation strategies continues to gain ground, the rate of transition is of low velocity, and a percentage of orchards is still flood-irrigated. In these systems, trees rely on the soil storage capacity to meet permanent nutrient demand. This field study investigated the effects of traditional N management practices on two orchards with different rootstock * scion combinations. We evaluated the effects of different N fertilization rates on fruit growth and postharvest traits such as brix, and size-class distribution. Our preliminary data indicates that despite trees growing in similar soil properties, they exhibited differences in fruit growth rate, and size-class distribution of fruits. Moreover, certain rootstocks * scion combinations exhibited superior fruit yield and quality. Continue refinement of nutrient management practices, especially N application is imperative to support tree long-term productivity under the constant pressure of pathogens in commercial settings.
Speakers
Wednesday July 30, 2025 11:45am - 12:00pm CDT
Foster 1

12:00pm CDT

CITR 2 - Impacts of Biochar on Citrus Root System Architecture, Soil Moisture, and Nutrient Contents Under Greenhouse Conditions
Wednesday July 30, 2025 12:00pm - 12:15pm CDT
Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key determinant of soil health, directly influencing structure, moisture retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. Among soil amendments, biochar has gained attention for its potential to enhance soil fertility and support plant productivity. However, its influence on citrus root system architecture and nutrient uptake across different rootstocks remains underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of four biochar concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% v/v) mixed with native field soil on four citrus rootstocks: ‘Sour Orange’, ‘Swingle’, ‘US-802’, and ‘US-942’. Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions for 16 weeks. Root system architecture traits: total root length, surface area, root volume, and number of forks, were quantified using WinRHIZO™ analysis. Soil parameters, including pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), moisture content, and SOM, were assessed post-harvest, alongside plant tissue nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn). The 20% biochar treatment significantly enhanced root morphological traits across all rootstocks, with increases of up to 35% in total root length and 40% in surface area compared to the control. Plant tissue analysis revealed elevated macro- and micronutrient concentrations in the 20% treatment, particularly for P, K, Ca, and Mg. Soil analysis showed progressive improvements in pH, SOM, CEC, and moisture content with increasing biochar concentration, with the highest values recorded at 30%. While higher biochar rates improved soil physicochemical properties, the 20% concentration provided the most balanced benefits, optimizing both root development and nutrient uptake. These findings suggest biochar, particularly at moderate rates, may be an effective amendment for improving soil fertility and citrus root system performance in nutrient-limited soils.
Speakers
KH

Khalid Hussain

University of Florida
NA
Co-authors
JF

John-Paul Fox

University of Florida
LR

Lorenzo Rossi

Texas A
Dr. Rossi’s research program focuses on understanding the responses of horticultural crops to environmental stresses, with the goal of developing environmentally sound and effective management strategies. He is a horticulturist with expertise in plant stress physiology, plant biology... Read More →
LH

Lukas Hallman

University of Florida
Wednesday July 30, 2025 12:00pm - 12:15pm CDT
Foster 1
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 2
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source UF/IFAS Citrus Initiative

4:00pm CDT

Workshop: Horticultural Perspectives on Huanglongbing (HLB) Disease in Citrus: Strategies for Sustaining Orchard Health and Productivity
Wednesday July 30, 2025 4:00pm - 6:30pm CDT
Workshop Summary for Conference Program
Huanglongbing (HLB), commonly known as citrus greening disease, continues to challenge citrus growers and researchers worldwide. Its devastating impact on tree health, fruit quality, and overall orchard longevity makes it essential to explore adaptive horticultural strategies that can sustain production in affected regions. This workshop provides an in-depth exploration of the horticultural approaches being used to mitigate the effects of HLB, with a focus on real-world applications and current research. The content is designed to equip participants with actionable insights into how orchard management can be adjusted to maintain tree vigor and maximize productivity despite HLB pressure. Topics will include:

Physiological impacts of HLB on citrus growth and development: Understanding how the disease disrupts water, nutrient, and carbohydrate transport, and its implications for tree management.
Nutritional and irrigation strategies: Optimizing inputs to support trees with compromised root systems and reduce stress.

Soil amendments and root health: Exploring the role of organic matter, compost, biochar, soil conditioners, and microbial inoculants in enhancing soil health and nutrient availability to support stressed trees.
Canopy and crop load management: Best practices for pruning, thinning, and canopy maintenance to enhance light interception, reduce disease severity, and promote new growth.
Rootstock and scion selection: Insights into tolerant or better-performing combinations under HLB pressure, and how rootstock choice can influence disease expression.
Replant and tree replacement strategies: Managing orchard renewal while dealing with persistent disease pressure.
Cultural practices integration: How horticultural management intersects with pest control (e.g., Asian citrus psyllid suppression), disease diagnostics, and emerging technologies.

Workshop Format:
This workshop will include:
-Expert presentations from researchers, university extension specialists, and industry professionals sharing the latest findings and innovations.
-Grower case studies detailing the successful implementation of horticultural practices in HLB-endemic orchards.
-Interactive Q&A sessions and moderated discussions to encourage knowledge exchange and problem-solving tailored to regional conditions.
Learning Objectives:

By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to:
  • Identify the key horticultural impacts of HLB on citrus trees.
  • Apply practical orchard management techniques including soil amendments and nutrient strategies to mitigate disease effects.
  • Make informed decisions about rootstock, scion, canopy, and irrigation strategies.
  • Integrate horticultural practices with broader HLB management approaches for sustainable production.
Speakers:
  • Chater, John M. jchater@ufl.edu “Cultivar selection, OTC trunk injection, and nutrition are important horticultural strategies under observation for HLB mitigation in Florida”
  • Wang,Nian nianwang@ufl.edu  “Genetic determinants underneath the Candidatus Liberibacter-triggered immune disease development of citrus Huanglongbing and its control”
  • Killiny,Nabil nabilkilliny@ufl.edu  “Achieving the traditional control strategies through biotechnological approaches for sustainability: Attract-and-Kill and Repellency to control Asian citrus Psyllid”
  • Albrecht,Ute ualbrecht@ufl.edu “Integrating trunk injection of oxytetracycline with other practices to sustain tree health and productivity under HLB-endemic conditions”
  • Chandrika Ramadugu chandram@ucr.edu “Citrus Huanglongbing - use of disease tolerant and resistant varieties for sustainable cultivation.”
  • Vincent,Christopher I civince@ufl.edu “Mitigating the physiological impact of huanglongbing by shading.”
  • Dutt, Manjul manjul@ufl.edu “Rooted in Resistance: Breeding the Next Generation of HLB-Resilient Citrus rootstocks”
  • Ashraf El-kereamy (ashrafe@ucr.edu) “Cultural practices to control HLB in California”
Wednesday July 30, 2025 4:00pm - 6:30pm CDT
Strand 10
 
Thursday, July 31
 

12:30pm CDT

Fruit, Vegetable, and Edible Crops Collaboration Session
Thursday July 31, 2025 12:30pm - 1:30pm CDT
A forum for discussion of potential collaborations with regards to fruit, vegetable, and edible crops – i.e. citrus, breeding, production systems, postharvest, pomology, crop management, viticulture, etc.
Thursday July 31, 2025 12:30pm - 1:30pm CDT
Collaboration Center, Empire AB

3:59pm CDT

CITR 3 - Oral Session
Thursday July 31, 2025 3:59pm - 4:00pm CDT
Presiding/Moderator
AA

Alaiha Asif

University of Florida
Thursday July 31, 2025 3:59pm - 4:00pm CDT
Strand 12B

4:00pm CDT

CITR 3 - What role does cold acclimation play in enhancing the cold hardiness of Valencia oranges?
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:00pm - 4:15pm CDT
Freezing temperatures is a significant threat to new growing fresh market citrus industry in North Florida, causing big damage to young and established groves. Recent freeze event happened December 2022 caused about 95% loss in fruit yield in southeast citrus comprising of North Florida, South Georgia and Southeastern Alabama. Different physiological, biochemical and molecular factors are associated with freezing tolerance in citrus. The present study investigates the effects of various cold acclimation periods on freezing tolerance of Valencia orange grafted onto two commercial rootstocks i.e., US-942 and C-54. The plants were cold acclimatized at 4°C for 4, 8, 16 and 32 hours and shifted to the programmed cold chamber for freezing stress at -6°C The Valencia plants on both rootstocks exhibited enhanced resistance to freezing stress when cold acclimated at 4°Cfor 16- and 32-hour . The antioxidants enzymatic activities [superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11)], and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes showed higher activity in response to cold acclimation for 16- and 32-hour. Likewise, osmoprotectants accumulation (proline and glycine betaine), and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, and total soluble solids) were also elevated under when cold acclimated for 16- and 32-hour as compared to the control. The freezing susceptibility was higher in control and 4-hour cold acclimated plants. Overall, the acclimation period of 16 hours found to very effective in improving freezing tolerance than all other acclimation periods. Findings of this study provides valuable insights into optimizing acclimation strategies to improve cold hardiness in citrus and potential platform for further research to use at commercial level.
Speakers
AA

Alaiha Asif

University of Florida
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:00pm - 4:15pm CDT
Strand 12B
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 3
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source Hatch project FLA-NFC-006212

4:15pm CDT

CITR 3 - Comparative Analysis of Drought Tolerance in Sour Orange and Trifoliate Orange Rootstocks
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:15pm - 4:30pm CDT
Citrus, a globally significant fruit crop, is rich in nutrients and vitamins but is adversely affected by environmental stresses, particularly drought. Drought stress hinders plant growth and reduces crop yields. This study focused on sour orange (SO) and trifoliate orange (TO) rootstocks to evaluate their performance under control and drought conditions. Transcriptomic results showed that the control vs drought TO have 3620 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were down-regulated and 2440 genes were upregulated while the control vs drought SO group showed 3625 genes were down-regulated and 2290 genes were upregulated. Most of the DEGs were associated with different molecular functions and biological processes including metabolic pathways, flavonoids biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism in both rootstocks under drought; however, the gene expression analysis showed that the expression of flavonoids and glutathione metabolism genes were higher in SO than TO after 12 days of drought stress (12DS). Moreover, the antioxidative enzymes, free radical scavenging activities, and total flavonoids contents were increased in both rootstocks, but the increase was higher in SO than TO, after 12DS. After 12DS, the TO has significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, electrolytic leakage, and malondialdehyde contents than SO. Our study concluded that SO rootstock enhances genes linked to metabolic pathways, flavonoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. It also, boosts antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid levels, while effectively neutralizing the reactive oxygen species. Hence, after 12 days of drought stress, sour orange performs better than trifoliate orange in maintaining these protective mechanisms.
Speakers
avatar for Muhammad Sohail

Muhammad Sohail

Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
I am Dr Muhammad Sohail from Punjab, Pakistan. I am focused on Horticulture, with a particular emphasis on pomology and the cultivation of citrus (citriculture). I am interested in the physiology and biochemistry of citrus plants to understand their growth, stress responses, and productivity... Read More →
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:15pm - 4:30pm CDT
Strand 12B

4:30pm CDT

CITR 3- Multi-Omics Dissection of Drought-Priming-Induced Cold Hardiness in Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:30pm - 4:45pm CDT
Climate change-induced abiotic stresses, particularly drought and freezing, threaten citrus production worldwide. Understanding how drought priming enhances cold hardiness is pivotal for sustaining grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) production under increasingly unpredictable climatic conditions. This study employed an integrative approach combining transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling and physiological and morphological observations to unravel the complex regulatory networks underlying drought-primed freezing tolerance in grapefruit plants. Drought-primed plants exhibited significantly improved photosynthetic efficiency, as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters, and remained higher in primed plants under freezing stress. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed ultrastructural changes, including intact stomatal architecture and less plasmolysis in leaf tissues of drought-primed plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed a distinct reprogramming of stress-responsive genes, particularly those involved in transcriptional regulation and hormone signaling pathways. Notably, genes encoding transcription factors such as DREB, NAC, and WRKY showed marked upregulation in primed plants. Metabolomic profiling complemented these findings by identifying key metabolic shifts, including accumulating compatible solutes (e.g., proline, sugars) and modulation of central carbon metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Hormonal analysis indicated a synergistic interaction between abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), suggesting their critical roles in stress signal integration. Our results demonstrate that drought priming activates a robust transcriptional-metabolic network, enhancing physiological resilience and structural integrity under freezing stress. This study provides novel insights into the cross-adaptive mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance and establishes a foundational framework for developing climate-resilient citrus cultivars.
Speakers
SI

Shahid Iqbal

University of Florida
Co-authors
CA

Carlos Aucique

University of Florida
JC

John Chater

University of Florida
MS

Muhammad Shahid

University of Florida
NA
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:30pm - 4:45pm CDT
Strand 12B

4:45pm CDT

CITR 3 - Enhancing Freezing Tolerance in Valencia Orange: Exploring the Synergistic Role of Photoperiod and Cold Acclimation
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:45pm - 5:00pm CDT
Freezing tolerance is a critical factor affecting the productivity and sustainability of citrus cultivation in subtropical regions. Photoperiod and cold acclimation work together to enhance a plant’s freezing tolerance by triggering specific biochemical and molecular pathways that help it withstand low temperatures and avoid cellular damage during freezing events. This study aims to investigate the interactive effects of photoperiod and cold acclimation on the freezing tolerance of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) plants grafted onto US942 rootstock, focusing on how these environmental factors modulate physiological and molecular responses to freezing stress. We hypothesize that varying photoperiods, when combined with cold acclimation, will synergistically enhance the freezing tolerance of Valencia orange plants by modulating biochemical and physiological traits associated with cold hardiness. Two-year-old Valencia orange plants will be grown under different photoperiods (8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours) for four weeks. After the photoperiod treatment, plants from each photoperiod group were divided into two treatments: one group undergo cold acclimation by being exposed to 4°C for 16 hours, while the other group was placed at 25°C for 16 hours (non-cold-acclimated). Following this, both cold-acclimated and non-cold-acclimated plants were exposed to freezing stress at -6°C in walk-in freezing chambers for 1 hour. The freezing temperature reached by gradually lowering the temperature by 1°C per hour, starting from 0°C to -6°C. We measured the photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and ELL. These results showed that the freezing stress showed the photosynthesis limitation, there are problem in enzymatic machinery in carbon dioxide assimilation. According to ELL and spad index GBT3R2 shows lowest cellular damage and the results show preserved the chlorophyll content. This research identifies how photoperiods and cold acclimation interact to enhance freezing tolerance in Valencia oranges, providing key markers for breeding more freeze resilient citrus cultivars.
Speakers
NQ

Nazneen Qureshi

University of Florida
Thursday July 31, 2025 4:45pm - 5:00pm CDT
Strand 12B

5:00pm CDT

CITR 3 - From Defense to Damage: The Oxidative Toll of Huanglongbing (HLB) on Sweet Oranges
Thursday July 31, 2025 5:00pm - 5:15pm CDT
The study was conducted at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC), University of Florida (UF), between 2012 and 2013. It focused on evaluating oxidative stress metabolism in two-year-old 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plants grafted onto Swingle rootstock (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata). Both healthy and HLB-affected plants were cultivated under controlled greenhouse conditions. Leaf samples, ranging from young to fully expanded stages, were analyzed to observe biochemical responses to HLB infection. Early-stage HLB-affected leaves appeared asymptomatic but later developed blotchy patterns, characteristic of the disease. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels increased in both healthy and HLB-affected leaves, with significantly higher concentrations observed in the latter. Healthy leaves showed H₂O₂ levels ranging from 0.5 to 3.8 µmole per gram of fresh weight (FW), while affected leaves exhibited levels from 0.56 to 6.5 µmole per gram FW, especially in fully expanded leaves. Enzymatic activities related to oxidative stress were also evaluated. Catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities increased during the leaf expansion phase but declined in fully expanded leaves, with a sharper decrease observed in HLB-affected samples. The reduced CAT and APX activity in affected leaves contributed to the accumulation of H₂O₂, exacerbating oxidative stress. Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) activity was low during early leaf expansion but increased in fully expanded leaves. HLB-affected leaves showed significantly higher GPOD activity, possibly contributing to elevated H₂O₂ levels. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity, vital for maintaining redox balance by regenerating reduced glutathione (GSH), was higher in healthy leaves but declined in HLB-affected samples. This decline suggested impaired recycling of GSH, disrupting redox homeostasis and weakening antioxidant defenses. In contrast, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was elevated in HLB-affected leaves, likely as an adaptive response to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the combination of increased GST and reduced GR activity led to a depletion of reduced glutathione, further intensifying oxidative stress. Overall, the study highlights the disruption of oxidative stress metabolism in HLB-affected sweet orange leaves. The compromised antioxidant defense system, characterized by reduced CAT, APX, and GR activities, contributes to increased cellular damage. These findings provide insights into plant defense mechanisms and suggest potential intervention strategies for managing HLB-induced stress.
Speakers
ND

Naveen Dixit

University of MD Eastern Shore
NA
Co-authors
RC

R C Ebel

Consultant
NA
Thursday July 31, 2025 5:00pm - 5:15pm CDT
Strand 12B

5:15pm CDT

CITR 3 - The 'OLL-8' Sweet Orange Appears to be Relatively More HLB Tolerant Than Standard 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' Budlines
Thursday July 31, 2025 5:15pm - 5:30pm CDT
The citrus industry in Florida has been decimated by huanglongbing (HLB), a disease vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid. Industry standard budlines of sweet orange in Florida have all been deemed susceptible to HLB and do not produce profitable yields at the vast majority of commercial groves. Symptoms of HLB include low yield, premature fruit drop, stunted growth, poor fruit and juice quality, blotchy mottle of leaf tissue, and eventual tree decline, dieback, and tree death. There is not yet a therapy or treatment that has cured this disease. A relatively new selection of sweet orange called 'OLL-8' has shown increased tolerance to HLB as measured by yield, fruit quality, tree growth and multispectral imaging metrics. The 'OLL' acronym represents the names of Orie and Louise Lee, who were citrus farmers in the State of Florida for decades. The 'OLL-8' sweet orange is a somaclone of the original 'OLL' tree that was found in St. Cloud, FL. Evidence of the enhanced tolerance of OLL-8 versus standard 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' will be presented in the form of fruit and juice quality, yield, tree growth and size, and multispectral drone imagery data, including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The 'OLL-8' sweet orange outperformed both conventional scions at multiple sites over multiple seasons in Polk County FL. Several drone flights were used to determine tree size and health over time. The results demonstrate the possibility of enhanced plant performance with the use of somaclonal variation in sweet orange in the HLB environment. More research is needed to confirm 'OLL-8' sweet orange's tolerance, and if confirmed, the biological mechanisms of this budline's tolerance could be elucidated for developing more HLB tolerant germplasm via conventional breeding or biotechnological methods.
Speakers
JC

John Chater

University of Florida
Co-authors
EW

Emily Worbington

University of Florida-IFAS CREC
JV

Joe Volpe

University of Florida
Thursday July 31, 2025 5:15pm - 5:30pm CDT
Strand 12B
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 3
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) MultiState Specialty Crop Block Grant through the California Department of Food and Agriculture project number 19-1043-002-SF
 
Friday, August 1
 

1:00pm CDT

CITR 2 - Analyzing the evolutionary relationships and patterns among citrus genotypes to their tolerance to HLB
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Citrus production is challenged by multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, with Huanglongbing (HLB) disease being the most damaging to global citrus production. Long-term field evaluations have revealed that certain citrus relatives have varying HLB tolerance. This study investigates the genetic relationships among citrus genotypes with differing HLB tolerance levels to inform future breeding strategies for citrus improvement. The genome sequencing data from 39 citrus species and hybrids were analyzed: 23 tolerant, 8 moderately tolerant, and 8 susceptible to HLB. Variant calling identified 445,222 high-quality SNPs, with chromosome 5 showing the highest contribution of unique variants. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.27 to 0.38, with the highest SNP frequency observed at a PIC value of 0.27 (21,500 loci). The mean heterozygosity across genotypes was 0.136, with Citrus aurantium showing the highest and Citrus polyandra the lowest heterozygosity. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the genotypes into six distinct clusters. Admixture analysis (K=5) was performed to explore ancestral genetic components, while PCA accounted for 62.76% of total genetic variation. These findings provide critical insights for developing HLB-tolerant citrus hybrids and highlight the underlying genetic diversity present in citrus germplasm.
Speakers
MD

Manjul Dutt

University of Florida
Co-authors
JK

Jaideep K Deol

University of Florida
NA
MR

Marcio Resende

University of Florida
NA
SR

Sheetal Ramekar

University of Florida
NA
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 2

1:00pm CDT

CITR 2 - Comprehensive Study on the Grapefruit and Sweet Orange Fruit Development in Huanglongbing (HLB) Endemic Citrus Orchards
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
The US third largest citrus industry located in Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), South Texas is renowned for producing premium quality fresh fruit. However, the fresh-fruit industry dynamics have changed significantly as devastating Huanglongbing (HLB) disease become endemic in LRGV citrus groves. The primary reasons that affected the Texas citrus industry are unhealthy crop load, and unnatural and excessive fruit drops in HLB affected trees. Therefore, this study investigates HLB effects on citrus fruit development in the region's subtropical semi-arid climate, focusing on the period from bloom to harvest. Research was conducted on mature 'Rio Red' grapefruit and 'Marrs' sweet oranges grafted onto Sour orange rootstock, all exposed to HLB for over a decade. In both citruses multilocation trial and replicated number of trees were pre-screened for blotchy mottled symptoms on foliage and presence of presumptive causal bacterium of HLB, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) using qPCR assay. The CLas ve trees were further evaluated for sectorial presence of HLB symptoms in 10 branches and divided into two sub-categories of HLB affected symptomatic (Symp) and apparently healthy, asymptomatic (Asymp) branches. In year-2024, monthly fruitlet retention analysis from April to July reveled significantly higher fruitlets drop in ‘Symp’ branches compared to ‘Asymp’ ones across both citrus varieties. In late-May, the ‘Symp’ grapefruit branches showed 28.5-35.3% drop, while sweet orange experienced 23.3-36.3% losses. While ‘Asymp’ branches had significantly lesser fruit drop ranged in 23.1-27.5% in grapefruit and 22.7-29.4% in sweet orange. Although late-May fruit drop is a natural phenomenon in citrus trees, the excessive fruit drop under HLB disease pressure highlights the negative effect of HLB in fruit retention and possibly in fruit size expansion. Ongoing research continues to identify vulnerable stages of fruit growth and expansion under HLB stress, aiming to develop targeted treatments for maintaining high-quality fruit production under HLB prevalence in LRGV citrus groves with region’s unique environmental and edaphic conditions.
Speakers
JL

Julianna Leal

Texas A
NA
Co-authors
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 2
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source Texas Citrus Producers Board

1:00pm CDT

CITR 2 - Efficacy of Brassinosteroid in Enhancing Citrus sinensis Health and Performance under HLB Endemic Conditions
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Brassinosteroids (Brs), a class of plant steroidal hormones, protect various crop species, including maize, wheat, strawberries, and grapes, from biotic and abiotic stress. However, their impact on citrus remains unexplored. The Florida citrus industry faces a significant threat from Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease that deteriorates tree health and affects overall yield. Given the efficacy of Brs in enhancing stress tolerance in other crops, their potential role in citrus resilience needs an investigation. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the plant's performance after foliar application of Brs at different intervals. Three-year-old Valencia sweet oranges grafted onto UF-R5 rootstock were grown in pots and treated with Brs at three intervals: every two weeks, once a month, and every other month. Key parameters, including shoot and root biomass, canopy volume, scion and rootstock diameters, specific leaf area, total phenolic content, and flavonoid content were assessed. After one year, there was a significant increase in flavonoid content in Brs-treated plants, regardless of application frequency. There was a positive trend on the response to the treatment of the other parameters studied, althoughnot statistically significant by the first year of treatment. This finding suggests that Brs may quickly enhance secondary metabolite production in citrus, but their impact on overall growth may require longer time of exposure to the treatment. Further investigation will elucidate this.
Speakers
DA

Divya Aryal

SWFREC - University of Fl
Co-authors
FA

Fernando Alferez

SWFREC - University of Florida/IFAS
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 2
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF)

1:00pm CDT

CITR 2 - Evaluation of Four White-Pulp Finger Lime Selections Developed at the University of Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Citrus australasica, commonly referred to as finger lime, is an Australian citrus species distinguished by its elongated, cylindrical fruits and numerous small, spherical juice vesicles that resemble caviar. It is highly valued in the culinary industry for its unique appearance, diverse color variations, and distinctive flavor. Finger lime is tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating citrus disease, making it a promising source of resistance genes for developing HLB-tolerant rootstocks and scions. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of four of the best University of Florida-developed white pulp finger lime selections - KB1, KB29, KB37, and KB48. These 7-year-old accessions, growing at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center campus, have excellent fruit size, robust tree health, and remain HLB negative under endemic HLB conditions. The fruit quality assessment (fruit weight, edible rate, fruit length, diameter, and pearl diameter) revealed that the KB37 selection was significantly superior, followed by the other three finger lime selections, with the lowest values observed in the control, DPI-50-36. Finger lime juice analysis indicated that TSS (total soluble solids) and acid content were almost similar across the four fruit lines, and this was significantly lower than the DPI-50-36 control. The phenolic activity was not statistically different between the selections, while the highest flavonoid activity was observed in KB29, followed by KB1 and KB37. The volatile profiles obtained from the four-finger lime selections were also evaluated. Overall, morphological and physicochemical parameters identified KB37 as the best-performing selection amongst the 4 evaluated. This analysis underscores the nutritional profile of these novel white-pulp finger limes, positioning them as a strong candidate for commercial cultivation for the specialty citrus industry.
Speakers
SR

Sheetal Ramekar

University of Florida
NA
Co-authors
JH

Jonathan H Crane

University of Florida, TREC
MD

Manjul Dutt

University of Florida
NK

Nabil Killiny

University of Florida
NA
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 2

1:00pm CDT

CITR 2 - Exploring HLB Tolerance in Citrus: A Genomic Evaluation of Early-Season Sweet Oranges
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas), poses a significant threat to citrus production worldwide. Identifying and developing HLB-tolerant cultivars has become necessary to mitigate its devastating impact. In Lake County, Florida, several Hamlin-type citrus trees, that’s are generally susceptible to HLB exhibited significant tolerance to the disease. The CaLas bacterial titer for most of the surviving trees was comparable to that of the susceptible control trees, and the qPCR Ct values ranged from 28 to 37. The visually tolerant citrus trees had increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content compared to the susceptible control trees. Juice quality assessments indicated a brix-to-acid ratio of 15-25, with other juice parameters meeting current U.S. Grade A standards. Interestingly, despite being labeled as Hamlin cultivars, several of these trees displayed variations in seed count, some aligning more with Parson Brown cultivars. To investigate their genetic origin, whole-genome DNA sequencing was performed on these trees, as well as on several Hamlin and Parson Brown clones. Genomic analysis revealed that the escape trees were genetically diverse; most were either likely Parson Brown types or Hamlin clones. Among them, two promising lines, R20-T30 (Parson Brown-type) and R21-T36 (Hamlin-type) were identified as superior and included in the 2024 Citrus Research and Field Trials (CRAFT) program. Both cultivars have demonstrated excellent yield and juice quality. Hamlin types, such as Hamlin 1-4-1 and Hamlin R21-T36, and Parson Brown types, such as Parson Brown F-56-2 and Parson Brown R20-T30, also displayed differences at the genomic level. Whole genome sequencing of the root DNA from these escape trees identified nucellar or zygotic Swingle as the predominant rootstock among escape trees with others similar to Carrizo and Poncirus trifoliata rootstocks. These findings underscore the role of genetic analysis in identifying HLB-tolerant cultivars, establishing a foundation for targeted breeding strategies aimed at improving citrus resilience to HLB.
Speakers
SR

Sheetal Ramekar

University of Florida
NA
Co-authors
GE

Gary England

University of Florida
NA
JK

Jaideep K Deol

University of Florida
NA
MD

Manjul Dutt

University of Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 1:00pm - 1:45pm CDT
Empire AB
  Poster, Citrus Crops 2

1:44pm CDT

CITR 4 - Oral Session
Friday August 1, 2025 1:44pm - 1:45pm CDT
Presiding/Moderator
Friday August 1, 2025 1:44pm - 1:45pm CDT
Strand 11A

1:45pm CDT

CITR 4 - Unlocking the Power of Brassinosteroid for Resilient Citrus Production in Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 1:45pm - 2:00pm CDT
Brassinosteroids (Brs) are a natural group of hormones known for their significant impact on responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses across various plant species. Brs can also influence plant growth and fruit maturation. With the recent availability of commercial formulations, this plant growth regulator is becoming an increasingly popular management tool in agriculture. Our team has been working on understanding BRs mode of action in citrus, because information is still scarce. In Florida, citrus industry is now in decline due mainly to the citrus greening disease (HLB), which has become endemic in the state, with no potential cure in the horizon. The disease reduces internal fruit quality and compromises viability of young, newly planted citrus trees. Our work has unveiled that Homobrassinolide (HBr) may increase internal maturation in sweet orange under citrus greening endemic conditions. We have determined the optimal application rate and the most effective timing for Hamlin and Valencia cultivars. We have shown that the beneficial effects of HBr are more pronounced in the healthier trees. This has led us to adapt the use of HBr in combination with oxytetracycline (OTC) injections, as growers in Florida are now injecting OTC in mature trees to reduce HLB. Our results show that HBr, when used on OTC-injected trees, improve internal fruit quality significantly. In addition, we have found that treating young, newly planted trees with HBr induces a strong immune response by activating the salicylic acid pathway, resulting in a delay in HLB infection. We have also shown that other Br analog, Epibrassinolide (EBL) improve the cold tolerance of citrus trees when young, treated plants were exposed to -4 ℃ for 24 hours. In addition, we have also observed EBL are helpful in improving the postharvest fruit quality. This is of special interest in the northern part of the state, where fresh market citrus industry is expanding, as region often experiences frequent chilling conditions during winter months. All in all, we are showing that Brs may be a ready-to-use tool in Florida citrus industry.
Speakers Co-authors
DA

Divya Aryal

SWFREC - University of Fl
SB

Saoussen Ben Abdallah

SWFREC - University of Florida/IFAS
NA
SI

Shahid Iqbal

University of Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 1:45pm - 2:00pm CDT
Strand 11A

2:00pm CDT

CITR 4 - Methyl Salicylate and Gibberellic Acid in the Rehabilitation of Huanglongbing-Affected Sweet Oranges
Friday August 1, 2025 2:00pm - 2:15pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating bacterial disease presumed to be caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, disrupts normal plant physiology by inducing hormonal imbalances that impair growth, fruit development, and defense responses. With no known citrus germplasm exhibiting resistance to HLB, effective management strategies are essential for sustaining citrus production. This study focuses on the combined application of methyl salicylate (MeSA), a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer, and gibberellic acid (GA₃), a growth-promoting hormone, as a potential strategy to improve tree health and mitigating symptoms in HLB-affected citrus orchards. The study is being conducted at UF-CREC in Lake Alfred, Florida, on 15-year-old Valencia trees grafted onto Swingle rootstock. Four treatments are being evaluated: Control, GA₃, MeSA, and GA₃ MeSA. Trees were sprayed every 45 days from July to November 2024 with GA₃ and MeSA at 10 ounces per acre. The study assesses key production parameters, including yield, fruit drop, canopy density, and fruit quality. Preliminary results indicate that GA₃ application reduced preharvest fruit drop by 57% compared to the control. The leaf water content was significantly higher in Ga MeSa (58.42%) as compared to Control. No significant differences in canopy density were observed across treatments. Leaves were collected for molecular analysis on Days 7, 14, 30, 46, and 60 after the first treatment application. Differential gene expression analysis revealed significantly lower transcript levels of Rboh and LOX2 within 7 to 14 days post-treatment in GA MeSA, suggesting a potential reduction in oxidative stress. In contrast, CDR1 expression was significantly higher in MeSA treated leaves between days 30 and 45, likely indicating SAR activation. These physiological responses may contribute to improved tree performance under HLB pressure. The study will continue into the next year to refine application strategies and better understand the sustained impact of these treatments on tree health and productivity.
Speakers
GK

Gurleen Kaur

CREC, University of Florida
Co-authors
TV

Tripti Vashisth

University of Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 2:00pm - 2:15pm CDT
Strand 11A

2:15pm CDT

CITR 4 - Fine-tuning Propionic Acid Dosage for Reducing Pre-harvest Fruit Drop in 'Hamlin' Sweet Oranges and Mechanisms Involved
Friday August 1, 2025 2:15pm - 2:30pm CDT
Pre-harvest fruit drop significantly challenges citrus orchard yield and economic viability, especially those affected by Huanglongbing (HLB). This issue is relevant in Florida’s citrus industry. This study investigated the efficacy of propionic acid he experiments applied three monthly doses of propionic acid in two consecutive years—in 2023 treated doses were 300 ppm, 1,100 ppm and 2,200 ppm— to trees, with an untreated group serving as the control. For this experiment, results indicated that the 1,100 ppm of propionic acid was most effective in controlling fruit drop, significantly reducing losses by 30% compared to the control. In 2024, the second experiment aimed to fine-tune doses. Trees were treated with three monthly doses of propionic acid utilizing 700 ppm, 1,100 ppm, and 1,400 ppm, with an untreated group serving as the control. Results showed that the 700 ppm dose was the most effective treatment in preventing fruit drop, retaining 15% more fruit than untreated trees. In both years, propionic acid increased average fruit weight. The 700 ppm dose improved yield by 36% compared to the control in 2024, while the 1,100 ppm dose led to a 17% increase in 2023 and 6% in 2024. Propionic acid did not alter fruit quality parameters, including °Brix and acidity. These findings suggest that propionic acid is a promising management tool for reducing pre-harvest fruit drop under HLB conditions.
Speakers
Friday August 1, 2025 2:15pm - 2:30pm CDT
Strand 11A

2:30pm CDT

CITR 4 - Evaluating Root Uptake of Gibberellic Acid as an Alternative to Foliar Application in Citrus
Friday August 1, 2025 2:30pm - 2:45pm CDT
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is a devastating disease of citrus and has severely impacted the citrus industry in Florida, causing substantial economic losses. With no known cure, management practices just aim to mitigate the harmful effects on the tree. Recent studies have shown that the 5 monthly foliar applications (September-January) of gibberellic acid (GA) can reduce preharvest fruit drop, improve fruit set, and enhance tree health. The potential impact of these findings is huge for commercial citrus production; however, growers are looking for alternatives to foliar application as foliar sprays are highly weather dependent and expensive, currently an air blast sprayer application can range anywhere from $30 to $50 per acre. Therefore, it becomes critical to find alternatives to foliar GA application. Supply of GA to the plants through irrigation could be a valid alterative instead of foliar application. This study explores the feasibility of GA application through irrigation as an alternative to foliar sprays. Specifically, we investigated GA uptake efficiency through citrus roots, its effects on overall plant growth, and transcriptomic changes in leaves and roots. Preliminary results indicate that both foliar (GF) and root applications (GR) induced tree responses, altering the hormone profiles in leaves and roots. Fifteen days post application, GR showed significantly higher concentration of GA₁ (950 ng/g fresh weight (FW)), GA₃ (450 ng/g FW), and GA8(112 ng/g FW) in the roots whereas these hormones were undetectable in the GF or untreated controlled. In the leaves, GA3 was significantly higher (210 ng/g FW) in GF but undetectable in untreated and GR. At 30 days post treatment, an enhanced leaf growth response was observed in GF trees with a mean new growth of 35 leaves as compared to 20.2 in GR and 17.8 in untreated control. Similarly, a 60-day hydroponic study demonstrated that root GA application significantly increased leaf production (p = 0.04). Bud growth was also significantly higher in root-treated plants compared to controls at both 10 days (p = 0.01) and 20 days (p = 0.01) post-application These preliminary findings suggest that root-applied GA does not mimic foliar application effects but offers some benefits for plant growth. An in-depth, long-term analysis is underway to validate the potential of GA delivery via irrigation.
Speakers
AN

Abhishek Neupane

University of Florida
Co-authors
TV

Tripti Vashisth

University of Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 2:30pm - 2:45pm CDT
Strand 11A

2:45pm CDT

CITR 4 - Brassinosteroid-Induced Physiological Adaptations Improve Freezing Tolerance in Grapefruit (cv. Ray Ruby)
Friday August 1, 2025 2:45pm - 3:00pm CDT
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential plant steroid hormones that regulate a wide range of developmental and physiological processes. In addition, these hormones play a significant role in helping plants cope with stress by modulating responses to various stressors, including heat, cold, drought, and heavy metals. Freezing temperatures during winter and spring pose a serious threat to citrus production, putting the sustainability of this newly emerging citrus industry in north Florida. Based on the protective effects of BRs, we hypothesized that exogenous application of BRs could enhance the basal tolerance of citrus plants exposed to freezing temperatures. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the photosynthetic performance and cellular damage of cold sensitive grapefruit (cv. Ray Ruby) plants sprayed with BRs (6 ppm) under freezing stress. Plants were treated with BRs (0 and 6 ppm) at 12, 24, and 48 hours before freezing stress (hbfs). Plants maintained at 20°C and sprayed with BRs (0 and 6 ppm) served as controls. Following treatment, the plants were placed in a freezing chamber and subjected to a gradual temperature decrease until reaching -6°C, where they were maintained for 1.5 hours. Freezing stress induced greater cellular damage in exposed plants compared to those kept at 20°C. However, BRs-treated plants at 12, 24, and 48 hbfs showed approximately 30% less cellular damage compared to water-sprayed plants. Photosynthetic parameters were affected by freezing stress, leading to reductions in CO₂ assimilation (
Speakers
avatar for Carlos Aucique

Carlos Aucique

Postdoctoral Associate, University of Florida
Co-authors
CN

Charles Nauck

University of Florida
NA
KL

KeAndre Leaks

University of Florida
NA
MS

Muhammad Shahid

University of Florida
NA
SI

Shahid Iqbal

University of Florida
Friday August 1, 2025 2:45pm - 3:00pm CDT
Strand 11A

3:00pm CDT

CITR 4 - Extending the Satsuma Harvest Window Through a Single Gibberellic Acid Application
Friday August 1, 2025 3:00pm - 3:15pm CDT
The Georgia citrus industry is rapidly growing. The citrus farmgate value increased by ~70% from 2022 ($22.4M) to 2021 ($13.2M). More acres of citrus are put in every year and, as of 2024, there are nearly 5,000 acres of citrus across the southern half of the state. Of this acreage approximately 60% are satsumas. This has generated a bottleneck for packinghouses as a majority of the citrus grown in the state reach an acceptable maturity at the same time. Georgia citrus growers have expressed an interest in expanding the harvest window of their existing plantings so more fruit can reach the market. The plant growth regulator, gibberellic acid (GA), has historically been used to delay color break in Florida citrus. Unfortunately, the existing recommendations from Florida are not applicable to the citrus varieties grown in Georgia. The present works aims to develop GA recommendations for Georgia satsumas. GA was applied at a rate of 0, 8, 10, 15, 20 ppm (n = 4) prior to color break in August 2024. The 15 and 20 ppm concentrations saw significantly less red and yellow color development by mid-December (p
Speakers
MS

Mary Sutton

University of Georgia
Co-authors
JK

Jacob Kalina

University of Georgia
NA
Friday August 1, 2025 3:00pm - 3:15pm CDT
Strand 11A
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 4

3:15pm CDT

CITR 4 - Insights into Pre-Harvest Rind Disorder in Mandarins Under California Growing Conditions
Friday August 1, 2025 3:15pm - 3:30pm CDT
The citrus industry experiences considerable losses due to a physiological rind disorder that compromises mandarin fruit quality and marketability—particularly in cultivars like Satsuma Owari. This disorder, characterized by water-soaked areas that progress to brown lesions, is likely triggered by multiple factors, including environmental conditions such as high relative humidity and rainfall. It typically appears after fall rain events and is more prevalent in fruit from the outer canopy. Our study, conducted in a commercial orchard in California’s San Joaquin Valley, explored the role of environmental conditions, rind water status, and potential management strategies. We found that treatments applied at the color break stage, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 16 mg/L), gibberellic acid (GA₃, 20 mg/L), and Vapor Gard® (0.5% v/v)—significantly reduced rind damage. However, GA₃ delayed external color development by approximately four weeks. Susceptibility to rind disorder varied by cultivar, with Kishu being the most susceptible, followed by Satsuma Owari and Gold Nugget, while Page, Tango, and W. Murcott exhibited greater tolerance. We also investigated biochemical, hormonal, and molecular changes associated with the disorder. Damaged tissues showed reduced cellulose concentrations but similar levels of pectin and hemicellulose compared to healthy tissue. Additionally, damaged rinds had higher hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content and increased peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. Metabolomic and hormonal profiling identified 76 metabolites, with 43 differing significantly between healthy and damaged tissues, highlighting the involvement of jasmonic acid and related compounds in the disorder’s development. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed differential expression of genes involved in stress responses, cell wall degradation, and hormone signaling between healthy and affected tissues. These findings suggest that delaying rind senescence using targeted treatments may reduce the incidence of this disorder. This research provides new insights into the physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of mandarin rind disorder and offers practical management strategies to mitigate fruit losses across different varieties.
Speakers
AE

Ashraf El-kereamy

University of California Riverside
Co-authors
AI

Ahmed Ismail

University of California Riverside
NA
AR

Alaaeldin Rezk

University of California Riverside, Riverside
NA
GD

Greg Douhan

University of California Riverside
NA
MH

Manhoi Hur

University of California, Riverside
NA
ML

Mary Lu Arpaia

University of California Riverside
NA
SP

Suejin Park

Jeonbuk National University
NA
TP

Tariq Pervaiz

University of California Riverside, Riverside
NA
Friday August 1, 2025 3:15pm - 3:30pm CDT
Strand 11A
  Oral presentation, Citrus Crops 4
  • Subject Citrus Crops
  • Funding Source California Citrus Research Board
 


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