ASHS 2025 Conference

Understanding germplasm diversity is essential in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) breeding to enhance disease resistance and fruit quality. This study evaluated morpho-phenological characteristics of UGA-CAPSI-CORE, a collection of 352 globally sourced germplasm classified into six varietal groups (VGs): banana, bell, Italian frier, mini bell, mini sweet, and specialty peppers evaluated in two replications during summer 2024. A total of 12 traits, including eight quantitative (e.g., germination, plant vigor, plant height) and four qualitative traits (e.g., growth habit, fruit position, fruit color), were assessed. Significant phenotypic variation was observed across varietal groups. Germination rates averaged 64%, with mini sweet peppers exhibiting highest germination (71.63%) and least in banana peppers (57.30%). Flowering time slightly varied (87–103 days), with banana peppers flowered late (89.3 days) than Italian frier (88.5 days). Specialty peppers were longer (41.49 cm) while bell types shorter (34.22 cm). Banana peppers and bell types exhibited taller (17.55 cm) and shorter (14.98 cm) stems, respectively. Lodging susceptibility was highest in Italian frier (29.12%) and lowest in mini bell (19.78%). Days to maturity was consistent, with mini sweet accessions requiring slightly longer time (142.51 days) than Banana peppers (141.34 days). Fruit morphology varied significantly, with bell peppers producing the highest lobe count (3.38) and banana peppers having single-lobed fruits. ANOVA confirmed significant variation (p < 0.001) in key traits, and cluster analysis identified six distinct clusters. This study elucidates the genetic diversity within the evaluated germplasm, providing valuable insights for breeding program to focus on enhancing productivity, adaptability, and fruit quality.